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ROME GCSE (OCR) > FOUNDATION, KINGSHIP, REPUBLIC > Flashcards

FOUNDATION, KINGSHIP, REPUBLIC Flashcards

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1
Q

NAME THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME

A

ROMULUS
NUMA POMPILIUS
TULLUS HOSTILIUS
ANCUS MARCIUS
LUCIUS TARQUINIUS PRISCUS
SERVIUS TULLIUS
LUCIUS TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS

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2
Q

WHAT CITY DID AENEAS FOUND?

A

LAVINIUM (12TH CENT BC)

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3
Q

WHAT CITY DID ASCANIUS (SON OF AENEAS AND LAVINIA) FOUND?

A

ALBA LONGA

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4
Q

LAVINIUM FACTS

A
  • NO ARCHAEOLOGY EVIDENCE OF LIVY’S ADVANCED CIVILISATION DURING BRONZE AGE
  • ARCHAEOLOGY REVEALED SMALL SETTLEMENTS OF SUBSISTENCE FARMERS
  • APENNINE CULTURE
  • NEVER A CITY
  • WAS IMPORTANT TOWN IN 7TH TO 5TH CENTS BC – PROBABLY PART OF SPREAD OF VILLANOVAN CIVILISATION (10TH - 7TH CENTS BC)
  • COULD NOT HAVE BEEN CREATED BY AENEAS – ANCIENT HISTORIANS USE LIMITTED KNOWLEDGE OF ANCIENT ITALY TO RECREAT PAST.
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5
Q

SUBSISTENCE FARMING

A

COMMUNITIES MAKE JUST ENOUGH FOOD TO FEED THEMSELVES AND FAMILIES

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6
Q

APENNINE CULTURE

A

CENTRAL EUROPEAN AND ITALIEN CULTURE FROM LATE BRONZE AGE (15TH –14TH CENTURIES BC)

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7
Q

VILLANOVAN CIVILISATION

A

EARLY IRON AGE CULTURE (10TH-6TH CENTURIES BC).
CREMATED DEAD AND SKILLED IN METAL WORK.
DESTROYED BY ETRUSCAN CIVILISATION

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8
Q

LUNI SUL MIGNONE

A

REMAINS OF LATIUM CITADEL (1300-800BC)

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9
Q

WHAT MEASURES DID AMULIUS TAKE TO STAY IN POWER?

A

KILLED NUMITOR’S SON, AND MADE NUMITORS’S DAUGHTER (RHEA) A VESTAL VIRGIN

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10
Q

WHO WAS FAUSTULUS

A

THE SHEPHERD THAT SAVED ROMULUS AND REMUS

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11
Q

WHAT DID ROMULUS AND REMUS DO WHEN THEY GREW UP (BEFORE TAKING BACK THE KINGSHIP FOR NUMITOR)?

A

THEY ATTACKED ROBBERS

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12
Q

WHAT DID SOME VENGEFUL ROBBERS DO TO ROMULUS AND REMUS?

A

CAPTURED REMUS AND TOOK HIM TO AMULIUS

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13
Q

HOW DID ROMULUS AND REMUS RECOVER THEIR FATHER’S THRONE

A

ROMULUS ORGANISED HIS FRIENDS INTO AN ARMY AND FREED REMUS. ROMULUS KILLED AMULIUS AND RESTORED NUMITOR

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14
Q

IS THE ROMULUS AND REMUS MYTH POTENTIALLY ETRUSCAN?

A

YES

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15
Q

WHAT OBJECT POTENTIALLY SHOWS THE ROMULUS AND REMUS MYTH TO BE ETRUSCAN?

A

THE BOLSENA MIRROR

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16
Q

WHERE IS THIS OBJECT FROM?
WHAT DOES IT SHOW?

A

BOLSENA, ETRUSCA. IT POTENTIALLY SHOWS ROMULUS AND REMUS WITH THE SHE-WOLF.

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17
Q

WHAT DID ROMULUS AND REMUS DO AFTER GIVING THE KINGDOM BACK TO NUMITOR?

A

WENT OFF TO FOUND THEIR OWN CITY

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18
Q

WHAT DOES AUGURY HAVE TO DO WITH THE FOUNDING OF ROME?

A

ROMULUS AND REMUS USED AUGURY TO SEE WHO SHOULD BE RULER.

WHEN THEY DISAGREED WHO THE SIGNS PROPHESIED, THEY FOUGHT, AND REMUS WAS KILLED.

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19
Q

WHAT DID THE AUGERIES SHOW ROMULUS AND REMUS?

A

REMUS SAW SIX VULTURES FIRST.
ROMULUS SAW TWELVE VULTURES AFTER.

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20
Q

WHAT IS THE MORE COMMON STORY OF REMUS’ DEATH?

A

REMUS MOCKED ROMULUS AND JUMPED OVER HIS WALLS. ROMULUS KILLED HIM AND SAID ‘THIS WILL BE THE FATE OF ANYONE WHO TRIES TO CROSS MY WALLS.’

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21
Q

When did the first settlers arrive in Rome

A

13th or 12th century BC

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22
Q

What date was Rome founded?

A

April 21st 753 BC

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23
Q

Was Rome already a large town by the time Romulus was said to found it in the 8th Century BC

A

Yes

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24
Q

What is the Lapis Niger?

A

A stele that offers convincing evidence that there were Roman Kings. Mentions the word ‘recei’ which links to Rex, King
Dated to 570-550 BC.

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25
Q

List three reasons that Rome’s foundation story is legendry

A
  • Not chronologically accurate
  • Claim of 4 kings between 753 and 617 is highly unlikely –violent age.
  • The Republic was created in a day
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26
Q

List the 5 things Roman Historians claim Romulus created

A

DRASS

  • Democracy
  • Representation
  • Asylum
  • Safety
  • Senate
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27
Q

How did Romulus create safety?

A

He built walls and fortified the Palatine hill.

EVIDENCE: Foundation ditches for wooden walls have been found

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28
Q

How did Romulus create Asylum?

A

He had a temple built for asylum seekers escaping tyrannies.
EVIDENCE: Probably Greeks asDionysius wrote of them

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29
Q

How did Romulus create Representation?

A

Patron Client System. 100 Patrons offer leadership and guidance to plebeians, who were clients.
Clients would fight under the patriarchs and in return they were given legal protection.
In this way, Romulus created a form of representative government 200 years before Greek Democracy

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30
Q

How did Romulus’ Senate work

A

100 Patriarchs who advised the king. They were appointed for life.
Romulus still ruled be decree. He was accompanied by lictors.
The senate allegedly murdered him. They appointed an interrex and appointed the next king. The senate gave imperium to future kings.

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31
Q

Romulus’ Democracy (Livy)

A

“Under Romulus and the other kings each citizen, regardless of status, had one vote.”
Livy, The History of Rome 1.43

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32
Q

What is the Comitia Curiata?

A

Romulus divided the people into three tribes, each divided into 10 sub-regions, which sent representitives to the Comitia Curiata. Within these divisions the patricians and plebeians were allocated jobs and duties.

Livy does not mention the Comitia Curiata until the Sack of Rome, 390. He says after Titus and Romulus shared power, Rome was divided into thrity curiae

33
Q

How did Romulus make his relgion? Livy and Dionysius’ views

A
  • Livy: Local customs of Alba Longa. He built a temple to Jupiter to commemorate military success, was influenced by Heracles, was transformed into a god
  • Dionysius: Romulus assessed Greek practices and chose best for his city. Describes a complex Greek system with tribal and religious ceremonies
34
Q

How does Dionysius describe Romulus’ army?

A

As well organised and efficient.
It was divided into centuries: 60-100 men, under a centurion.
Call to arms organised by Military tribune

35
Q

What were armies really like in Romulus’ time?

A

Small bands of men

36
Q

What were the celeres?

A

The most loyal soldiers. Bodyguard of Romulus in battle.
In reality a celeres unit may have devoloped, but it was a cavalry unit drawn from the eques

37
Q

Why did the Roman historians use legoins, centuries, and celeres to describe the army of Romulus?

A

They would have been familer terms to the educated Roman elite

38
Q

Where did the Roman historians get the tactics of Romulus from?

A

Recent conflicts

39
Q

What did Romulus do to bring women to Rome?

A

He tried to arrange marriages with women from other cities. Failing this, he invited the neighbouring cities to a festival, during which the Romans abducted the young Sabine women

40
Q

Who was the king of the Sabines?

A

Titus Tatius

41
Q

Which ally of Titus Tatius attacked Rome early?

A

The city of Caenina

42
Q

What happened to the Caenina invasion of Rome?

A

It failed.
The Caenina plundered the Roman countryside, and Romulus retalliated. Marched on Caenina, massacred the army. Romulus killed leader Acro

43
Q

What did Romulus do after killing Acro?

A

Began tradition of spoila opima. Built a temple to Jupiter Feretrius to display the spoils. No archaeological evidence of the temple

44
Q

Outline Sabine invasion on Rome

A
  • Sabines take much of the city.
  • Hostius Hostilius (leading Roman General) murdered
  • Roman army panics.
  • Romulus prays to Jupiter, and retakes citadel.
  • Sabine women enter the battlefield with their children, and ask that the fighting stops.
  • Romans and Sabines agree to end conflict, and Romulus and Titus Tatius share power.
45
Q

What did Romulus do to cement his relationship with Titus Tatius. Why is this legend?

A

He built the Forum where the Palatine and Capitoline Hills meet.
Many Sabines became Roman citizens.
Archaeology shows that the Forum was from between the 10th and 8th century BC.
The area was cleared of water in the 11th century BC, and it was previously used as a burial place

46
Q

Dates of Numa’s reign

A

715-673 BC

47
Q

What did Numa promote?

A

Religion, civilisation, and peace

48
Q

Why did the Senate’s rule after Romulus’ demise not work?

A

The patricians who made up the senate only made it work for themselves

49
Q

Who was Numa’s wife? What did she do?

A

Egeria. She advised him on how to govern with the help of religion

50
Q

What were the priesthoods said to be created by Numa?

A
  • Priesthood for Mars, Romulus, and Quirinus
  • Flamen Dialis of Jupiter (makes sure the king performs sacred duties even in war)
  • Pontiff (from Senate)
  • Vestal Virgins (introduced from elsewhere)
51
Q

When does archaeology show Etruscan influence seeping into Rome

A

Around 50 years after Numa’s death

52
Q

Is it possible for Numa’s lunar calendar to be real?

A

Yes, due to urbanisation and increased literacy and scientific thought

53
Q

What can Numa’s religious initiatives be compared with?

A

The Confilct of the Orders

54
Q

What did Numa do to the city of Rome according to Dionysius

A

Improved the Forum’s status by putting the hearth of the Vestal Virgins there.
Divided Rome into districts with inspectors

55
Q

What does Plutarch claim about Numa that is supported by urbanisation around the Roman Forum

A

Numa introduced blacksmiths, musicians, and other crafts

56
Q

What was the Temple of Janus?

A

A temple constructed by Numa. The doors were kept open during war.
No archaeological evidence, but Livy claims it did exist during his lifetime so it most probably was real.

57
Q

Dates of Tullus Hostilius’ reign

A

673-642 BC

58
Q

Curiatti/Horatii war

Who was the king of the Albans? Who succeeded him?

A

Gaius Cluilius, succeeded by Mettius

59
Q

What were the two teams of triplets?

A

Roman: Horatii
Alban: Curiatii

60
Q

Who did Mettius ally with after the defeat of the Curiatii

A

Veii and Fidenae

61
Q

How does the desrtuction of Alba Longa assist the Roman authors?

A

It was a fictional city so could not be left standing as present day Romans would have questoined it.

62
Q

What was the battle between the Curiatii and Horatii over?

A

Roman cattle raids

63
Q

How was Tullus Hostilius killed?

A

The gods struck him with a lightning bolt for not performing his religious duties correctly.

64
Q

Tullus’ legal initiatives

A

Tullus avoided passing judgement on the surviving Horatii (for murdering his sister) and asked two judges, who found him guilty, but due to civil unrest, asked the people, who let him go.
He was thus freed by the right to an appeal

65
Q

Tullus’ political initiatives

A

Gave land to homeless and built new farms.
Expanded Rome through conquest of Sabines and Alba
Built a settlement on the Caelian hill for the Albans and created new tribes, or districts, for each Alban group.
Built a new Senate House, the Curia Hostilia

66
Q

What happened when plague struck during Tullus’ reign?

A

He refused to let his army go back and care for their families, leading to civil unrest and division in Rome

67
Q

Character of Numa and reason for it

A

Pious and peaceful. Perhaps used for a period of peace

68
Q

Character of Tullus Hostilius and reason for it.

A

Dynamic and inspirational leader who brought in the military might of Rome.
Perhaps used for a period of war.

69
Q

Marcius Ancus’ character

A

Adopted piety of Numa (his grandfather) and war spirit of Romulus

70
Q

Ancus’ achievements.

A
  • Re-introduced Numa’s teachings.
  • Invited those living outside Rome to settle the Aventine.
  • Invited Latins to become Roman – they sttled between Aventine and Palatine
  • Took the Janiculum hill, meaning Rome crossed the Tiber.
  • Built Ostia’s harbour and salt works
71
Q

Ancus’ war achievements

A

Captured Politorium and destroyed it
Destroyed Latin threat in Battle of Medullia
Successfully defended Rome

72
Q

Which hill did Ancus take?
How?

A

Janiculum Hill
Built a bridge to it and a wall around it
This protected the city from attack by river

73
Q

What did Ancus do that gave people a better say in foreign affairs?

A

Envoys visit enemy and demand justice
If justice was denied, the envoy would ask each tribe to vote, war declared if a majority agreed

74
Q

Gaius Papirus

A

Ancus’ pontiff, published laws and religious rites on oak boards around the city

75
Q

Ancus Marcius

Latins become Romans

A

Admurciae district between Aventine and Palatine created to help them settle

76
Q

Battle of Medullia

A

Ancus destroyed Latin threat

77
Q

Politorium

A

Latin city destroyed by Ancus Marcius

78
Q

How many settle the Janiculum during Ancus’ reign?

A

Very few

ROME GCSE (OCR) (8 decks)

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