origins of the cold war Flashcards
1
Q
when was the tehran conference?
A
1943
2
Q
who was the tehran conference between
A
fdr, churchill and stalin
3
Q
where was tehran
A
iran
4
Q
what was discussed at tehran
A
fate of germany, military strategy for germany & allies, operation overlord
5
Q
name some really early origins of the cold war
A
- russian revolution 1917
- allied support for whites in the russian civil war 1917-23
- stalin’s purges 1930s
- munich conference 1938
- nazi soviet pact 1939
- atlantic charter 1941
- operation barbarossa 1941
- d day 1944
- the percentages agreement 1944
6
Q
relations & personality of and between the big 3 (fdr, churchill and stalin)
A
- fdr - optimistic, democratic, new deal policies, helped disadvantaged in society, wanted to work directly with stalin!
- stalin - shrewd, manipulative, effective administrator, ruthless, industrialisation, systematic use of terror, heavy censorship, suspicious of west
- churchill - inspiring, humane,
7
Q
state of europe in 1945
A
- nazis defeated and hitler commits suicide in 1945
- power vacuum, lots of countries with no government
- economic devastation
- 16 million homeless
8
Q
state of usa in 1945
A
- change in isolationism
- 50% of worlds manufacturing
- test of the atomic bomb in 1945
- death of fdr replaced by truman who wanted an iron fist approach
9
Q
state of ussr in 1945
A
- totalitarianism
- over 20 million dead
- economically struggling
10
Q
why did both britain and ussr want poland
A
- britain went to war for poland in 1939 and didn’t want to see it under a different dictatorship
- stalin had been invaded through poland 3x - wanted as sphere of influence
11
Q
two options for polish government
A
- london poles
- LUBLIN
12
Q
when was yalta conference
A
feb 1945
13
Q
who was at yalta conference
A
stalin, churchill, fdr
14
Q
purpose of yalta conference
A
allow big three to coordinate military strategy as war came to a close
15
Q
what was published at yalta
A
the deceleration of liberated europe
16
Q
what was agreed in the deceleration on liberated europe
A
- interim government in liberated countries (including germany and berlin into zones) - these govs be representative
- ussr sphere of influence
- UN established
- SU join war against japan
17
Q
what part of the deceleration of liberated europe was there debate over
A
the setting up of governments that’s reflected ‘all democratic elements’ - stalin saw as representing workers and peasants so communist, west saw as democracy similar to USA and UK
18
Q
when was the percentages agreement
A
1944
19
Q
examples of percentages in percentages agreement
A
romania - 90/10 to ussr
greece - 90/10 to britain
hungary - 50/50
20
Q
when were the london poles set up
A
1939
21
Q
when was lublin set up
A
1944
22
Q
why was lublin government set up
A
london poles criticise stalin in 1943
23
Q
when was potsdam conference
A
july 1945
24
Q
what continued despite ww2 ending
A
japanese war
25
who attended the potsdam conference
- churchill (replaced by attlee on the 26th), truman and stalin
26
what was agreed at potsdam
- germany disarmed and demilitarised
- de-nazification
- freedom of speech and free press restored
- germany to become single economic unit
- ussr to receive reparations
- decision of germany and berlin
27
how did truman want to get stalin to cooperate
threaten with nuclear tech
28
when did stalin complete his buffer zone of satellite states
1948
29
when was kennans long telegram
february 1946
30
what was said in the kennan long telegram
- hardline against communism
- communism was a threat to the free world
- the ussr viewed the west as hostile and menacing
- usa must be prepared to threaten the use of force
31
what happened in iran/turkey in 1946 to raise tension
stalin kept his troops positioned in iran for land and wanted turkish naval bases - west viewed as him trying to broaden his power and disliked the notion of him having too much control
32
what was the ussr response to the klt
novikov telegram - accusations of america trying to assume control over the world, their foreign policy was based on economic imperialism/ dollar diplomacy
33
position of kennan
worked in the us embassy in moscow
34
when was the iron curtain speech
may 1946
35
what was said in the iron curtain speech
- attack on soviet policies
- suggest they are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control
- urged special friendship
36
how did stalin respond to iron curtain speech
- in pravada
37
what was happening in greece in 1946-47
greek civil war between monarchists and communists - britain providing military support until feb 47 when they could no longer afford it and usa resumed
38
when was the truman doctrine
march 1947
39
what was the general message of the truman doctrine
- usa should offer financial aid and should help those living under the oppressive communism who want to be free
40
reasons for the truman doctrine
- he didn’t want the ussr to provide support for the greek civil war
- he wanted to convince the americans to want to fight against the communists
- it wanted to protect democracy and freedom
- make the ussr feel threatened
- first step of containment!!!!!!
41
when was the marshall plan put forward
june 1947
42
alternative name for the marshall plan
ERP (european recovery programme)
43
reason for the marshall plan
- a failure to revive european economy would damage american economy
44
what was the condition of receiving erp aid
some of it had to be spent on imports from the usa and economic information was to be shared with the usa
45
how much marshall aid was given
$13.5 billion to 16 countries - most to britain, france and germany
46
what did stalin form in response to erp
comecon and comiform and molotov plan
47
role of comecon and comiform
comecon - economic cooperation, offering an alternative to western aid
cominform - political unity among parties
48
example of cominform in action
sending grain to czechoslovakia after a bad harvest
49
what was comecon originally
molotov plan
50
why did some states want/sympathise with communism
- mass unemployment
- economic chaos
- promised employment
- communism better prospect than capitalism
51
how did stalin want eastern european leaders to act
as puppets to stalin
52
what tactic did stalin use to ensure eastern european governments were on his side
salami tactics
53
leader of yugoslavia
josip broz tito
54
what happened to tito and yugoslavia
- refused to be stalinist puppet
- expelled from cominform
- us provided with marshall aid
55
describe the czech coup
- communist takeover of government
- Gottwald as president
56
who died on czech coup and how
jan masaryk - foreign minister, defenestrated
57
how did the powers coordinate their actions in germany
the acc (allied control council)
58
german perception on soviet zone
didn’t trust!
59
what did ussr do in german zone that breached acc
- teaching russian is schools
- land reform
- nationalising industrial production
- controlling left wing groups and turning communist
60
population of british occupation zone
22.5 million
61
what part of land did britain control in germany?
ruhr zone - industrial heart of germany and centre of german recovery
62
why did the soviets want the ruhr zone
further reparations of germany
THIS will weaken germany economy and tip toward communism
63
when was bizonia formed
january 1947
64
what was role of omgus
managed is zone - wanted joint occupation to work - headed by ike and clay
65
when was trizonia formed
1948
66
what happened when marshall aid was given to west germany
difference in living standards between east and west - especially prevelent in berlin
67
when was the deutschmark introduced
june 1948
68
why was the trizone improved economy and deutschmark a problem for stalin
feared german strength and improved german economy
69
stalins response to deutschmark
berlin blockade!
all road routes cut off - only air routes open
70
western response to berlin blockade
airlifting of supplies from bevin (british prime minister) and truman
71
stats of flights and supplies in berlin blockade
200000 missions
over 1.5 million tonnes of food
72
when did stalin call off the blockade
may 1949
73
results of berlin blockade
- embarrassing for stalin
- truman’s containment worked
- europe divided into two blocs
74
what aggression did the usa show during blockade
flight of B29 bombers to UK
75
was was frg formed
1949
76
leader of frg
konrad adenauer
77
leader of gdr
walter ulbricht
78
when was nato formed
april 1949
79
how was nato a change in us policy
move away from isolationism and toward globalisation
80
ussr view on nato
seen as aggressive!
81
what did ussr respond to nato with
the warsaw pact
82
what were the factors in causing a cold war
- ideological differences
- soviet policy
- role of personalities
- germany
- us policy
- misjudgement/misunderstanding
- power rivalry
83
when were the bombs dropped on nagasaki and hiroshima
august 1945
84
when did us successfully test the atomic bomb
july 1945
85
what year and where did the soviets provisionally agree to join the world bank and the imf
bretton woods conference in 1944
86
