cold war in asia Flashcards
1
Q
when did the communists win the chinese civil war
A
october 1949
2
Q
what magnified the threat of communist china to america
A
- military alliance to the ussr in 1950
3
Q
what is the occupation of japan referred to in american policy
A
reverse course
4
Q
when did the reverse course begin
A
1947
5
Q
generally, what did the policy mean
A
the usa was not focused on the punishment of japan, instead it wanted the development of firm democratic institutions and an emphasis on economic reconstruction
6
Q
who was head of scap
A
macarthur
7
Q
how was scap used
A
directions to macarthur from the usa on the measures that had to be taken to ensure japans economic stabilisation
8
Q
examples of reverse course and what scap wanted to achieve in japan
A
- prevent japanese trade with communist china
- wage controls
- more efficient tax
- membership on GATT
9
Q
who was economic advisor to scap
A
dodge
10
Q
what did gatt do
A
- strengthen japan’s access to western trade
- prevented trade with communist china
- it was created with the UN following WW2
11
Q
when was the sanfransico peace treaty
A
september 1951
12
Q
who signed san fran peace treaty
A
japan and allied powers (ussr refused)
13
Q
terms of the san fran peace treaty
A
- japan renounced claims on neighbouring territories incl. korea and taiwan
- allies recognises full sovereignty of japanese people
- both wanted to move past the war
14
Q
what did japan have to sign in return for san fran peace treaty
A
us-japan security treaty
15
Q
when was the us-japan security treaty
A
1951
16
Q
what did the us japan security treaty do
A
- unrestricted use of japanese military bases
- administrative control of okinawa
- the right to use military force to intervene in internal japansese affairs
17
Q
describe japanese rearmament
A
- macarthur ordered japan to etsblish 75000 strong national police reserve (npr)
- july 1954, us agreed to 140000 strong self defence force
18
Q
what happened to chinese nationalists
A
fled to Taiwan and continued to be supported by the US
19
Q
when was defensive perimeter speech
A
january 1950
20
Q
who gave defensive perimeter speech
A
dean acheson, us secretary of state
21
Q
what was covered in defensive perimeter speech
A
- renewal of us policies toward the far east
- identified areas in the pacific that the us saw as critical for the defence of us interests
- military defence of japan was the responsibility of the usa
22
Q
who was leader of the chinese nationalists
A
jiang jieshi
23
Q
when was nsc-68
A
april 1950
24
Q
why was nsc-68 released
A
- fear of communist china
- detonation of soviet atomic bomb
25
what did sino soviet treaty promise
- 30 year mutual assistance
- the soviet union to give china $300 million
26
what does nsc-68 suggest are the objectives of the soviet union
- retain and solidify their absolute power
- power in satellite states
- soviet led, not just communist
27
key points from nsc-68
- rejected isolationism because europe was vulnerable to soviet expansionism
- build up of american nuclear weapons
- advocated increased taxes to fund military
- military readiness
28
what strategy did dulles develop?
rollback - taking the offensive against communism instead of just containment
29
what triggered nsc-68
- atomic bomb
- ‘loss of china’
30
what was decided at potsdam in regards to korea
korean peninsula taken from japanese control and divided into two occupational zones - soviet north and american south
31
official titles of north and south korea and when they were formed
soviets - democratic people’s republic of korea in september 1948
americans - republic of korea in august 1948
32
leader of n/s korea
south - syngman rhee
north - kim il sung
33
what aim did sung and rhee have in common
a united korea under one leadership
34
sung believed his outcome could be achieved by:
- a strong north korean military using guerrilla warfare tactics
- ideological determination
- support from ussr and china
35
rhee believed his outcome could be achieve by:
- a strong south korean military
- development of a strong capitalist economy
- the support of the ‘free world’
- democracy
36
when did the korean war begin and how
25 june 1950 - north korea invaded south korea
37
why doesn’t stalin initially want north korea to invade south korea
- us forces in sk
- confident with atomic bomb and position in asia
- scared of us involvement
38
how did kim get stalin and mao involved
played them off against each other and promised a quick victory
39
how many communist supporters in sk
200000
40
china stance on korean war
- initially reluctant to get involved as they wanted to prioritise their consolidation of power
- changed mind when us forces close to border
41
UN after south korea invasion
- USA requests special session of UN security council (ussr is boycotting because of taiwan nationalist so can’t use veto)
- demand immediate ceasefire
42
when did the korean war become a war of attrition
after the lines of battle settled near the 38th parallel in 1951
43
what settlement was come to
38th parallel - military forces withdraw to respective territories, repatriation of prisoners of war
44
impact of the korean war
- long term security of nk and sk
- usa issued promise of long term security of taiwan
- stalin accelerated industrialisation of soviet bloc which led to a reduction in availability of consumer goods
- COLD WAR IN ASIA!!!!
- china emerged as a new world power
45
when was ike president
1953
46
reasons for increased cold war tensions in 1953
- american attitudes
- ussr atomic bomb
- communists won the chinese civil war
- sino-soviet alliance
- korean war
- mccarthyism
- american military and economic power
47
when did the red scare start
1947
48
who was mccarthy
a us senator
49
what was the house of unamerican activities
- founded in 1938
- special committee of us government
- investigated communist infiltration
- those brought before the committee were often innocent but served as sacrificial victims
50
case study of house of unamerican activities
- alger hiss affair
- accused of being a member of communist party
- part of fdrs cabinet
- fear of us leaders being tainted with communism
51
describe the rosenbergs
- convicted of passing american nuclear secrets to the ussr
- both convicted and executed
52
what were mccarthys main claims
- us state department infiltrated by communists
- truman too soft on communism
- american film industry infiltrated
53
perfect of population killed in korean war
10%
54
what is seato
south east atlantic treaty organisation - western allies, thailand, pakistan
formed to prevent communism and its influence
55
what was intended to be separate that became permanent (country wise)
- germany division
- eastern europe division
- korean division
56
when was frg part of nato
by 1955
57
what made up eisenhowers new look policy
- brinkmanship
- massive retaliation
- covert operations
- strengthening global alliances
58
aim of konrad adenauer
to integrate the frg closely with france and western europe, to convince the us they were a reliable ally
59
when was the domino effect most influential
1950s-60s
60
what event led to geneva conference
french defeat at dien bien phu
61
when was dien bien phu
april 1954
62
when was the geneva conference
july 1954
63
what did peace negotiations at geneva lead to
- temporary split of vietnam into two states across the 17th parallel
- promise of national elections to be held in a years time
64
who refused to sign on geneva agreement
diem
65
describe dien bien phu
- 1954
- first indochina war
- between french and viet minh
- brought an end to french colonial rule over vietnam
66
why did the usa get involved in vietnam
- mccarthyism and the rising domestic fear of communism
- domino theory - truman’s loss of china
- containment
- defensive perimeter speech
- nsc-68
67
hi chi minhs priorities in 1956
- consolidating the north
- ensuring he is not losing support of the south who may be feeling isolated
- maintaing communism
68
policies/strategies of ho chi minh
- land reform
- revolutionary violence strategy
- politic unrest in anti-diem groups
69
pros and cons of ho chi minhs land reform
pros
- significant collectivisation underway
- agricultural production increased
cons
- private land seized and redistributed
- thousands executed and sent to labour camps
- 6000 killed in revolt
- 1 million moved from north to south
70
what is revolutionary violence strategy
- use of military force to overthrow diem’s regime and remove ‘imperialist forces’
71
when was the nlf formed
december 1960
72
what is the purpose of the nlf
to create a united state of vietnam
73
what was the nlf formed as a result of
the norths policy change to overthrow diems regime
74
jfks early ideas in relation to vietnam
- containment
- scared of losing another country like truman
- mccarthy was a family friend
- progression of cold war into asia
- wanted to expand non-nuclear capabilities incl. counter insurgency
75
jfks key policies in vietnam
- agrovilles
- strategic hamlet policy
- increase in defence spending
- green berets
- laos
- increase in military advisors
- arvn
- napalm and agent orange
76
3 contenders for stalins position
khrushchev
malenkov
beria
77
what contributed to the assassination of diem
- increasing unpopularity
- bhuddist monk self-immolation
- henry cabot lodge appointed as us ambassador to vietnam
78
role of henry cabot lodge in diems assassination
- roger hilsman sent a telegram to henry cabot lodge (us ambassador to sv) planning for diems replacement
79
when and where was the self-immolation
june 1963
saigon
80
when was the coup against diem
nov 1, 1963
81
what was the ho chi minh trail
a network of roads, paths, and tunnels used by the nlf to transport troops, supplies and weapons to sv
82
which countries did the ho chi minh trail pass through
laos, cambodia, nv, sv
83
how many military advisors did jfk increase them by
900 in 1960
over 16000 in 1963
84
what was the strategic hamlet program
relocation of south vietnamese peasants into fortified villages to prevent them from supporting vc
85
who was hirohito
emperor of japan
