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cold war > global cold war > Flashcards

global cold war Flashcards

1
Q

evidence for america being the dominant cold war power in the UN

A
  • headquarters in new york
  • originally large western/ capitalist membership
  • nationalists in taiwan had chinese seat
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2
Q

when was the warsaw pact

A

may 1955

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3
Q

what was the warsaw pact

A
  • military alliance between russia and satélite states
  • formed as a response to frg joining nato and rearmament
  • legitimising pre-existing control
  • presented collective security strategy
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4
Q

stalins role in the UN

A
  • gain control and push communism
  • emphasise his right to veto
  • cause problems for US
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5
Q

what happened to austria following ww2

A

divided into 4 occupational zones

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6
Q

when was the austrian state treaty

A

may 1955

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7
Q

key outcomes of the austrian state treaty

A
  • all powers withdrew from austria so that it became an independent democratic state
  • policy of neutrality
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8
Q

implications of austrian state treaty

A
  • removed a major source of potential conflict between cold war powers and raised hopes for peaceful coexistence -> could the same happen in germany?
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9
Q

when was khrushchevs secret speech

A

february 1956

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10
Q

what was conveyed in the secret speech

A
  • de-stalinisation, asserting need for change in the SU
  • principle of peaceful coexistence which was necessary in the age of nuclear weapons
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11
Q

key elements of peaceful coexistence

A
  • willingness to reduce size of soviet military
  • communist success through peaceful revolution
  • eliminating threat of war
  • political and economic relations based on equality
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12
Q

ussr ‘buts’ to peaceful coexistence

A
  • but wanted to remain sole leader of communist world
  • but still wanted to expand nuclear capability
  • but wanted to retain eastern bloc satélite states
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13
Q

two main issues discussed at geneva summit

A
  • open skies
  • europe and the problem of divided germany
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14
Q

when was geneva summit

A

september 1955

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15
Q

what was the open skies proposal and why did ike raise it

A
  • allow reconnaissance flights so powers aware of each others capabilities
  • soviets rejected - espionage?
  • eisenhower knew soviets would reject so propaganda win
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16
Q

what was discussed about germany at geneva

A
  • usa proposes reunification of germany with free elections and responsibility for own security
  • soviets proposed neutralised, demilitarised germany
  • all agreed on german reunification via free elections
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17
Q

ussr decision soon after geneva on germany

A
  • reunification and free elections contingent upon frg ending western ties and leaving nato while gdr retain ussr ties
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18
Q

when was the polish uprising

A

june - october 1956

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19
Q

when was the hungarian uprising

A

october - november 1956

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20
Q

what set off the polish uprising

A
  • secret speech
  • universal wage cut for polish workers
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21
Q

what were the polish workers demands

A
  • improved working conditions
  • higher wages for industrial workers
  • greater freedom for catholic church
  • end to collectivisation of agriculture
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22
Q

result and impact of polish uprising

A
  • khrushchev decides no military action because the polish communist party is supported by china
  • willing to allow some autonomy if remain loyal to the ussr and led by trustworthy men
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23
Q

some of demands of hungarians

A
  • nagy as prime minster
  • withdrawal of soviet troops
  • free elections
  • free press
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24
Q

who is gomulka

A

leader of the polish communist party

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25
Q

what did the events of the hungarian revolution show

A
  • khrushchev would be ruthless and use force to maintain the soviet sphere of influence
  • also, fear from us and un to intervene in europe
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26
Q

when was the suez crisis

A

october 1956

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27
Q

importance of the suez crisis

A
  • britain and israel and france conspire to invade egypt and remove masses who nationalised suez
  • khrushchev side with soviets - threaten nuclear weapons!
  • ike furious! britain withdrew embarrassed! SU thought nuclear threat worked
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28
Q

when was the paris summit

A

may 1960

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29
Q

when was the berlin crisis

A

1958-63

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30
Q

how did relations sour leading to the paris summit?

A
  • soviet repression in hungary
  • berlin crisis in 1958
    BUT the idea of peaceful coexistence still remained
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31
Q

when was the camp david meeting

A

1959

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32
Q

what was discussed at camp david

A
  • nuclear disarmament
  • berlin
  • trade
  • understanding of each others position in the cold war
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33
Q

implications of camp david

A

friendly talks, mutual good will, peaceful coexistence

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34
Q

why did the paris talk not happen

A

u2 spy plane incident

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35
Q

maos opinion on peaceful coexistence

A

he was against it and he was also critical of khrushchev

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36
Q

why did relations improve even under ikes new look policy

A
  • fear of nuclear war
  • death of stalin
  • armies reduced due to cost of maintenance
  • u2 spy planes show us is operating from position of strength
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37
Q

why was the summit in vienna

A

austria was neutral

38
Q

when was vienna summit

A

1961

39
Q

who was vienna summit between

A

jfk and khrushchev

40
Q

what was discussed at vienna

A
  • berlin crisis
  • political situation in laos
41
Q

how did the vienna conference go

A
  • bad tempered
  • k bullied jfk
42
Q

relationship between peaceful coexistence and summits

A

peaceful coexistence is a thing as they have met 4x in 6 years - prior to this not at all since potsdam
however, steady decline of relationship and tensions rise, reflection of events in cold war

43
Q

what happened to polish leader and what was his name

A

beriut dies in 1956! supposedly after reading the secret speech

44
Q

who becomes polish leader following beruit

A

gomulka

45
Q

when was sputnik 1 launched

A

october 1957

46
Q

who was the first person to orbit the earth

A

yuri gagarin in 1961

47
Q

when did the soviets send a satellite to the moon

A

1959

48
Q

american response to sputnik

A
  • worried! soviets closer to nuclear attack from space
  • ike criticised for underfunding american space exploration and falling behind ussr (despite $1 billion in funding)
  • soviets had icbm capabilities
49
Q

american response to sputnik

A
  • 1958 nasa was created
  • 1961 jfk increases funding for nasa
  • us money put into education
  • by 1962, usa launched 63 space missions compared to ussrs 15
  • 1969, us moon landing
50
Q

us space race failures

A
  • vanguard exploded on launch pad
  • fear of missile gap
51
Q

what year was there a rapid development of ICBMs

A

1957

52
Q

what did the gaither report suggest

A

soviet superiority in missile technology

53
Q

when was the first hydrogen bomb exploded for the us and soviets

A

us - 1952
soviets - 1953

54
Q

when is the first us satellite launched

A

1958 - explorer 1

55
Q

when was the u2 spy plane crisis

A

1960

56
Q

who flew the u2 plane

A

powers

57
Q

what factors prompted khrushchev to take action over berlin by 1958

A
  • from 1955, increasing immigration from east to west - most went through west berlin
  • high living standards of capitalist west
  • west german membership in nato - nuclear weapons?
  • polish and hungarian uprisings
  • chinese challenges
58
Q

why did khrushchev feel justified in berlin crisis/ confronting the west

A

the wartime agreements over the future of berlin and germany had not been honoured by the west eg at potsdam

59
Q

why is the difference between east and west berlin

A

west - higher quality, better housing, easy access to consumer goods
east - housing shortages, limited consumer choices

60
Q

what is the hallstien doctrine

A

khrushchev recognised the gdr as an independent state. it announced that the frg would regard the recognition of the gdr by anyone other than the ussr as an unfriendly act and diplomatic relations ended

61
Q

when was khrushchevs ultimatum

A

1959

62
Q

what did khrushchevs ultimatum state

A
  • demanded withdrawal of western troops from west berlin as a ‘free city’
  • wanted western powers to negotiate german settlement
  • limit western access/occupation of west berlin
63
Q

wests response to khrushchevs ultimatum

A

rejected! but usa and britain wanted to lessen ussr tension (camp david and paris)

64
Q

gaddis statistic on decline of berlin population

A

50000 over two years, well over a million more by end of ‘56

65
Q

when did the berlin wall begin to be built

A

august 13, 1961 for wire then concrete

66
Q

short term impact of berlin wall

A

caused a major military confrontation, soviet and us tanks facing each other at close range on the streets

67
Q

long term impact of berlin wall

A

east germany’s economy improved as skilled workers were unable to leave

68
Q

positive of berlin wall for west

A

propaganda win

69
Q

who was the old cuban leader and who was the new one

A

batista -> fidel castro

70
Q

when is batista overthrown

A

1959

71
Q

when was the cuban missile crisis

A

october 16-28 1962

72
Q

when was the bay of pigs invasion

A

1961

73
Q

how does ussr initially get cuba on side in 1960

A

mikayan visits and gives $100 million credits

74
Q

cuban missile crisis, what happened in april 1960

A

us oil companies in cuba refuse to refine cheaper soviet oil castro buys so he nationalises them

75
Q

us response to castro nationalisation of oil refineries

A

imposition of economic blockade on cuba, reducing sugar imports by 95%

76
Q

castro response to economic sanction

A

october 1960, seizes $1 billion worth of us assets in cuba

77
Q

when did castro formally embrace communism

A

1961

78
Q

what happened during the bay of pigs invasion

A

1500 US backed cuban exiles invaded cuba at the bay of pigs, kennedy approves this CIA backed operation. the usa thought this would start revolution against castro

79
Q

result of bay of pigs invasion

A

disaster!
- cubans pleased with castros reforms, improved living and social conditions
- invasion subdued in 3 days, 1200 men captured

80
Q

what did jfk have to do following the bay of pigs invasion

A
  • pay $53 million in food and medical supplies and to have invaders returned
81
Q

castros reaction to bay of pigs fiasco

A

reacts by entering military agreement with the soviets including weapons, advisers, jets and SAMs by 1962

82
Q

what was operation mongoose

A

secret plan to destabilise the cuban regime and topple castro

83
Q

when was operation mongoose

A

jan - july 1962

84
Q

what happened during operation mongoose

A

over 6000 acts of sabotage are committed ranging from arson to murder - assassination attempts on castro included

85
Q

what begins the 13 days

A

14th october, a u2 spy plane takes reconnaissance photographs above cuba

86
Q

what happened on 22nd october

A
  • naval blockade of cuba
  • armed forces placed on DEFCON alert level 2 (1=war)
87
Q

how was the cuban missile crisis resolved

A

khrushchev removes soviet missiles from cuba, kennedy removes us missiles from turkey

88
Q

why did kennedy accept the turkey agreement in secret

A

because he knew it was fair trade off but knew that nato would see this as too big of a concession

89
Q

what 4 pieces of legislation /agreements emerged following cuban missile crisis

A
  • 1963, limited test ban treaty
  • 1968, nuclear non-proliferation treaty
  • 1972, strategic arms limitation interim agreement
  • 1972, anti-ballistic missile treaty
90
Q

early signs of struggle between china and ussr

A
  • mao not happy with peaceful coexistence
  • the secret speech
  • khrushchev makes up with tito
  • stalin superior to mao, mao superior to khrushchev? khrushchev thought he was superior to mao

cold war (5 decks)

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