global cold war Flashcards
1
Q
evidence for america being the dominant cold war power in the UN
A
- headquarters in new york
- originally large western/ capitalist membership
- nationalists in taiwan had chinese seat
2
Q
when was the warsaw pact
A
may 1955
3
Q
what was the warsaw pact
A
- military alliance between russia and satélite states
- formed as a response to frg joining nato and rearmament
- legitimising pre-existing control
- presented collective security strategy
4
Q
stalins role in the UN
A
- gain control and push communism
- emphasise his right to veto
- cause problems for US
5
Q
what happened to austria following ww2
A
divided into 4 occupational zones
6
Q
when was the austrian state treaty
A
may 1955
7
Q
key outcomes of the austrian state treaty
A
- all powers withdrew from austria so that it became an independent democratic state
- policy of neutrality
8
Q
implications of austrian state treaty
A
- removed a major source of potential conflict between cold war powers and raised hopes for peaceful coexistence -> could the same happen in germany?
9
Q
when was khrushchevs secret speech
A
february 1956
10
Q
what was conveyed in the secret speech
A
- de-stalinisation, asserting need for change in the SU
- principle of peaceful coexistence which was necessary in the age of nuclear weapons
11
Q
key elements of peaceful coexistence
A
- willingness to reduce size of soviet military
- communist success through peaceful revolution
- eliminating threat of war
- political and economic relations based on equality
12
Q
ussr ‘buts’ to peaceful coexistence
A
- but wanted to remain sole leader of communist world
- but still wanted to expand nuclear capability
- but wanted to retain eastern bloc satélite states
13
Q
two main issues discussed at geneva summit
A
- open skies
- europe and the problem of divided germany
14
Q
when was geneva summit
A
september 1955
15
Q
what was the open skies proposal and why did ike raise it
A
- allow reconnaissance flights so powers aware of each others capabilities
- soviets rejected - espionage?
- eisenhower knew soviets would reject so propaganda win
16
Q
what was discussed about germany at geneva
A
- usa proposes reunification of germany with free elections and responsibility for own security
- soviets proposed neutralised, demilitarised germany
- all agreed on german reunification via free elections
17
Q
ussr decision soon after geneva on germany
A
- reunification and free elections contingent upon frg ending western ties and leaving nato while gdr retain ussr ties
18
Q
when was the polish uprising
A
june - october 1956
19
Q
when was the hungarian uprising
A
october - november 1956
20
Q
what set off the polish uprising
A
- secret speech
- universal wage cut for polish workers
21
Q
what were the polish workers demands
A
- improved working conditions
- higher wages for industrial workers
- greater freedom for catholic church
- end to collectivisation of agriculture
22
Q
result and impact of polish uprising
A
- khrushchev decides no military action because the polish communist party is supported by china
- willing to allow some autonomy if remain loyal to the ussr and led by trustworthy men
23
Q
some of demands of hungarians
A
- nagy as prime minster
- withdrawal of soviet troops
- free elections
- free press
24
Q
who is gomulka
A
leader of the polish communist party
25
what did the events of the hungarian revolution show
- khrushchev would be ruthless and use force to maintain the soviet sphere of influence
- also, fear from us and un to intervene in europe
26
when was the suez crisis
october 1956
27
importance of the suez crisis
- britain and israel and france conspire to invade egypt and remove masses who nationalised suez
- khrushchev side with soviets - threaten nuclear weapons!
- ike furious! britain withdrew embarrassed! SU thought nuclear threat worked
28
when was the paris summit
may 1960
29
when was the berlin crisis
1958-63
30
how did relations sour leading to the paris summit?
- soviet repression in hungary
- berlin crisis in 1958
BUT the idea of peaceful coexistence still remained
31
when was the camp david meeting
1959
32
what was discussed at camp david
- nuclear disarmament
- berlin
- trade
- understanding of each others position in the cold war
33
implications of camp david
friendly talks, mutual good will, peaceful coexistence
34
why did the paris talk not happen
u2 spy plane incident
35
maos opinion on peaceful coexistence
he was against it and he was also critical of khrushchev
36
why did relations improve even under ikes new look policy
- fear of nuclear war
- death of stalin
- armies reduced due to cost of maintenance
- u2 spy planes show us is operating from position of strength
37
why was the summit in vienna
austria was neutral
38
when was vienna summit
1961
39
who was vienna summit between
jfk and khrushchev
40
what was discussed at vienna
- berlin crisis
- political situation in laos
41
how did the vienna conference go
- bad tempered
- k bullied jfk
42
relationship between peaceful coexistence and summits
peaceful coexistence is a thing as they have met 4x in 6 years - prior to this not at all since potsdam
however, steady decline of relationship and tensions rise, reflection of events in cold war
43
what happened to polish leader and what was his name
beriut dies in 1956! supposedly after reading the secret speech
44
who becomes polish leader following beruit
gomulka
45
when was sputnik 1 launched
october 1957
46
who was the first person to orbit the earth
yuri gagarin in 1961
47
when did the soviets send a satellite to the moon
1959
48
american response to sputnik
- worried! soviets closer to nuclear attack from space
- ike criticised for underfunding american space exploration and falling behind ussr (despite $1 billion in funding)
- soviets had icbm capabilities
49
american response to sputnik
- 1958 nasa was created
- 1961 jfk increases funding for nasa
- us money put into education
- by 1962, usa launched 63 space missions compared to ussrs 15
- 1969, us moon landing
50
us space race failures
- vanguard exploded on launch pad
- fear of missile gap
51
what year was there a rapid development of ICBMs
1957
52
what did the gaither report suggest
soviet superiority in missile technology
53
when was the first hydrogen bomb exploded for the us and soviets
us - 1952
soviets - 1953
54
when is the first us satellite launched
1958 - explorer 1
55
when was the u2 spy plane crisis
1960
56
who flew the u2 plane
powers
57
what factors prompted khrushchev to take action over berlin by 1958
- from 1955, increasing immigration from east to west - most went through west berlin
- high living standards of capitalist west
- west german membership in nato - nuclear weapons?
- polish and hungarian uprisings
- chinese challenges
58
why did khrushchev feel justified in berlin crisis/ confronting the west
the wartime agreements over the future of berlin and germany had not been honoured by the west eg at potsdam
59
why is the difference between east and west berlin
west - higher quality, better housing, easy access to consumer goods
east - housing shortages, limited consumer choices
60
what is the hallstien doctrine
khrushchev recognised the gdr as an independent state. it announced that the frg would regard the recognition of the gdr by anyone other than the ussr as an unfriendly act and diplomatic relations ended
61
when was khrushchevs ultimatum
1959
62
what did khrushchevs ultimatum state
- demanded withdrawal of western troops from west berlin as a ‘free city’
- wanted western powers to negotiate german settlement
- limit western access/occupation of west berlin
63
wests response to khrushchevs ultimatum
rejected! but usa and britain wanted to lessen ussr tension (camp david and paris)
64
gaddis statistic on decline of berlin population
50000 over two years, well over a million more by end of ‘56
65
when did the berlin wall begin to be built
august 13, 1961 for wire then concrete
66
short term impact of berlin wall
caused a major military confrontation, soviet and us tanks facing each other at close range on the streets
67
long term impact of berlin wall
east germany’s economy improved as skilled workers were unable to leave
68
positive of berlin wall for west
propaganda win
69
who was the old cuban leader and who was the new one
batista -> fidel castro
70
when is batista overthrown
1959
71
when was the cuban missile crisis
october 16-28 1962
72
when was the bay of pigs invasion
1961
73
how does ussr initially get cuba on side in 1960
mikayan visits and gives $100 million credits
74
cuban missile crisis, what happened in april 1960
us oil companies in cuba refuse to refine cheaper soviet oil castro buys so he nationalises them
75
us response to castro nationalisation of oil refineries
imposition of economic blockade on cuba, reducing sugar imports by 95%
76
castro response to economic sanction
october 1960, seizes $1 billion worth of us assets in cuba
77
when did castro formally embrace communism
1961
78
what happened during the bay of pigs invasion
1500 US backed cuban exiles invaded cuba at the bay of pigs, kennedy approves this CIA backed operation. the usa thought this would start revolution against castro
79
result of bay of pigs invasion
disaster!
- cubans pleased with castros reforms, improved living and social conditions
- invasion subdued in 3 days, 1200 men captured
80
what did jfk have to do following the bay of pigs invasion
- pay $53 million in food and medical supplies and to have invaders returned
81
castros reaction to bay of pigs fiasco
reacts by entering military agreement with the soviets including weapons, advisers, jets and SAMs by 1962
82
what was operation mongoose
secret plan to destabilise the cuban regime and topple castro
83
when was operation mongoose
jan - july 1962
84
what happened during operation mongoose
over 6000 acts of sabotage are committed ranging from arson to murder - assassination attempts on castro included
85
what begins the 13 days
14th october, a u2 spy plane takes reconnaissance photographs above cuba
86
what happened on 22nd october
- naval blockade of cuba
- armed forces placed on DEFCON alert level 2 (1=war)
87
how was the cuban missile crisis resolved
khrushchev removes soviet missiles from cuba, kennedy removes us missiles from turkey
88
why did kennedy accept the turkey agreement in secret
because he knew it was fair trade off but knew that nato would see this as too big of a concession
89
what 4 pieces of legislation /agreements emerged following cuban missile crisis
- 1963, limited test ban treaty
- 1968, nuclear non-proliferation treaty
- 1972, strategic arms limitation interim agreement
- 1972, anti-ballistic missile treaty
90
early signs of struggle between china and ussr
- mao not happy with peaceful coexistence
- the secret speech
- khrushchev makes up with tito
- stalin superior to mao, mao superior to khrushchev? khrushchev thought he was superior to mao
