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Truman (American Dream) > Origins of Cold War/ Foreign policy in Europe > Flashcards

Origins of Cold War/ Foreign policy in Europe Flashcards

1
Q

What were all the events in Europe and within the USA that contributed to the Cold War ? (6)

A

1) Kennan’s long telegram

2) Truman Doctrine

3) the Marshall plan

4) Berlin Airlift

5) Creation of NATO

6) NSC 68

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1
Q

What 3 things did Kennan’s long telegram argue ?

A

1) USSR is illogical

2) If force is shown to the USSR, they will back down

3) USA should make alliances

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2
Q

How long was Truman’s long telegram ?

A

8000 words

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3
Q

When was Kennan’s long telegram ?

A

Feb 22nd 1946

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4
Q

How did Kennan’s long telegram increase tensions between the US and USSR ?

A

This is because it isolated communism as a threat and shaped Truman’s foreign policy on how to deal with it.

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5
Q

What were the 2 driving factors that influenced Truman to introduce the Truman doctrine ?

A

1) Soviet troops failed to leave Iran in search of oil

2) Greek communists started to receive support

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6
Q

When was the Truman Doctrine ?

A

12th March 1947

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7
Q

What did the Truman Doctrine do ?

A

It requested $400 million in military and economic assistance to Turkey and Greece.

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8
Q

What did the Truman Doctrine mean for the US’s foreign policy ?

A

It declared that the US policy was to ‘support free peoples resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures’.

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9
Q

How can the Truman Doctrine be seen to be significant ?

A

This is because it shaped US foreign policy for the next 40 years.

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10
Q

What was the Marshall plan the ‘action’ of ?

A

the Truman Doctrine

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11
Q

What was the aim of the Marshall plan ?

A

A plan to provide financial aid to European countries to help rebuild their shattered economies after WW2.

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12
Q

When was the Marshall plan ?

A

April 1948 - December 1951

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13
Q

How did Congress initially feel towards the Marshall plan ?

A

they were reluctant to grant the financial aid to European countries.

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14
Q

Why did Congress become willing to grant financial aid to Shattered European economies when they were initially hesitant ?

A

This is because the Communist party seized power in Czechoslovakia.

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15
Q

When did Congress approve financial aid to shattered European countries with the Marshall plan ?

A

Feb 1948

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16
Q

What was the Marshall plan officially known as ?

A

European Recovery Programme

17
Q

Why did Truman introduce the Marshall plan ?

A

To rebuild European economies after the wake of WW2 as poorer countries would be more willing to accept communism.

18
Q

How much money was given to European countries including those who were already communist as part of the Marshall plan ?

A

$13.3bn

19
Q

How can the European recovery programme be said to be successful ?

A

The 4 years in which it operated for saw the fastest growth of European History with Industrial production increasing by 35%.

20
Q

Which countries were forbidden for applying for Marshall aid and why.

A

Stalin prohibited Eastern European countries from applying for Marshall aid.

21
Q

What were USA, Britain and France discussing in early 1948 about the future of Germany ?

A

France, Britain and USA were discussing about uniting their zones in Germany to create a West German government and a new common money system called the deutschmark

22
Q

When was the Deutschmark introduced ?

A

20th June 1948

23
Q

What did the introduction of the Deutschmark in West Germany mean for the future West Germany ?

A

This would stabilise the West German economy

24
Q

Was Berlin divided among the four countries ?

A

Despite being in East Germany, Berlin (the capital) was divided amongst the four countries: France, USA, UK and the USSR.

25
Q

Why did the introduction of the Deutschmark in all western zones of Germany on the 20th June 1948 anger Stalin ?

A

As Berlin was also divided into 4 zones, Stalin’s control was slipping as East Berliners saw the wealth of the West Berliners.

26
Q

What action did Stalin take due to his control of East Berlin slipping as a result of the introduction of the Deutschmark in West Berlin ?

A

on the 14th June 1948, Stalin blocked access to West Berlin cutting rail and road links. This became known as the Berlin Blockade.

27
Q

How did Truman react to the Berlin blockade ? (24th June 1948)

A

Truman decided to supply West Berlin via aircraft.

28
Q

How did Truman supply West Berlin via aircraft ?

A

RAF and US planes took off from West German bases and for the next 10 months, supplied food, clothing, oil, building material and other supplies to West Berlin.

29
Q

How many supplies were flown into West Berlin by RAF and US planes and by how many flights ?

A

1.5 million tonnes of supplies

by 275,000 flights

30
Q

How long did the Berlin Blockade last ?

A

324 days (24th June 1948 - 12th May 1948)

31
Q

What military technique did Truman use during the Berlin Blockade to come out on top over the USSR ?

A

brinkmanship

32
Q

Which group was formed as a result of the Berlin Blockade ?

A

the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

33
Q

How many countries were responsible for the creation of NATO ?

A

12 member states

34
Q

Give three examples of countries responsible for the establishment of NATO.

A

1) France
2) Britain
3) US

35
Q

What was the purpose of NATO ? (at the time when it was created)

A

Formed an alliance in which other member states would defend any member attacked by the USSR.

36
Q

What was NSC 68 ?

A

was a top secret policy paper outlining American foreign policy.

37
Q

According to Scholar, Herman Wolk, What impact did NSC 68 have on the Cold War ?

A

The blueprint for the militarization of the cold war from 1950 to the collapse of the USSR at the beginning of the 1990s.

38
Q

What 3 things did NSC 68 argue for ?

A

1) increased military spending

2) work on a hydrogen bomb

3) roll back of communism rather than containment

39
Q

What was the increased military spending that NSC-68 recommended ?

A

suggested was from $13 billion up to $50 billion by 1950

40
Q

How was NSC-68’s recommendation of work on a hydrogen bomb fulfilled ?

A

By 1952, the US had developed a hydrogen bomb and tested it.

Truman (American Dream) (7 decks)

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