campaigns for Civil Rights Flashcards
What does the NAACP stand for ?
The national association for the Advancement of coloured people
What was the NAACPs long term tactic for challenging segregation ?
through the courts
What were many of the NAACP’s court cases focused on undermining ?
the ‘separate but equal’ doctrine established by the Supreme Court in 1896 in the plessy V Ferguson case that declared different facilities for black and white people were acceptable if they were equal.
What was the purpose of the LDF (legal defense fund) that the NAACP set up on Feb 12th 1940 ?
to raise money to take on cases that would challenge the principles of Plessy V Ferguson
What did the the NAACP do with the money they raised from the LDF set up on Feb 12th 1940 with the aim of challenging the principles of Plessy V Ferguson (1896)
They hired the Best Black lawyers
Give 3 examples of Black lawyers that the NAACP hired in order to take on legal cases to challenge the principles of Plessy V Ferguson using the money from the LDF.
1) Robert Carter
2) Charles Hamilton Houston
3) Thurgood Marshall
Give a list of 5 supreme court cases that the NAACP won that challenged segregation from 1944 to 1950.
1) Smith V Allwright (1944)
2) Morgan V Virginia (1946)
3) Shelley V Kramer (1948)
4) McLaurin V Oklahoma state (1950)
5) Sweatt V Painter (1950)
What was the outcome of the 1944 Smith V Allwright case that the NAACP won ?
It was a voting rights case that allowed Americans of all races in Texas to vote in primaries (elections used by parties to choose a candidate).
What was the outcome of the 1946 Morgan V Virginia case that the NAACP won ?
ruling that declared segregation on buses illegal
What was the outcome of the 1948 Shelley V Kramer case that the NAACP won ?
ruled that estate agents could not refuse to show and sell houses to Black clients.
What was the outcome of the 1950 McLaurin V Oklahoma state case that the NAACP won ?
George McLaurin could enter the university of Oklahoma although had to be segregated from other students.
What was the outcome of the 1950 Sweatt V Painter case that the NAACP won ?
S.C ruled that the separate law school created for Heman Sweatt, a Black applicant was not ‘separate but equal’ to the White University of Texas Law school he had been denied access to.
What landmark court case in education did the Sweatt V Painter court cases in 1950 lay the ground for ?
The Brown V Board case (1954)
Give a limitation of the supreme court rulings that the NAACP won from 1944 - 1950.
were not enforced, particularly in the Southern states.
What does ‘CORE’ stand for ?
Congress of Racial Equality
When was NAACP founded ?
1909
When was CORE founded ?
1942
What did CORE state its mission was in 1942 ?
“To bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background”.
How many original members were there in CORE ?
50
OF the 50 original members in CORE, how many of them were men ?
28
Of the 50 original members of CORE, how many of them were women ?
22
Of the 50 original members of CORE, what proportion of them were Black ?
1/3
Of the 50 original members of CORE, What proportion of them were white ?
2/3
What kind of campaign tactics did CORE use and who were they inspired by ?
non - violent (inspired by Gandhi in India)
What was CORE’s 2 week freedom ride that started on April 9th 1947 called ?
Journey of Reconciliation
How many Black men were apart of CORE’s 2 week Journey of reconciliation started on April 9th 1947 ?
8
How many white men were apart of CORE’s 2 week Journey of reconciliation started on April 9th 1947 ?
8
Why did CORE begin their ‘Journey of Reconciliation’ ?
to challenge the continued segregation on buses as the S.C’s Morgan V Virginia ruling in 1946 was not being upheld
Which southern states did the 8 black men and 8 white men who were apart of CORE’s Journey of Reconciliation travel through in order to challenge the continued segregation on buses ?
1) Virginia
2) North Carolina
3) Tennessee
4) Kentucky
The members of the group apart of the Journey of Reconciliation were ____________ several times and racial tension grew. As the journey went on, it led to violence from angry _____________ of civil rights.
arrested, opponents
As a result of Freedom Rides, CORE received a great deal of ___________ marking the start of a long series of similar campaigns.
publicity
How many different seating arrangements did the group who led the Journey of Reconciliation try on various buses ?
26
How many different times were the group who led the Journey of Reconciliation arrested in their 2 week Freedom ride ?
6
What does the ‘NOI’ stand for ?
Nation of Islam
Where and when was the Nation of Islam founded ?
1930 - Detroit
Who founded the NOI ?
Wallace Fard Muhammad
After 1933 when its founder, Wallace Muhammad Fard, disappeared, who began to lead the NOI ?
Elijah Muhammad
What was the overall goal of the NOI ?
“To teach downtrodden and defenceless Black People … and to put them on a road to self independence”
When was Elijah Muhammad released from prison after refusing to be drafted to fight in the segregated US army in WWII ?
1946
During what time period did Elijah Muhammad begin to build the growth of the NOI up ?
40s and early 50s
What did Elijah Muhammad’s program within the NOI call for ?
The creation of a separate black nation made up of the states of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi
What religion did Elijah Muhammad encourage his supporters in the NOI to adopt ?
one based on worshipping Allah, and the belief that Black people were Allah’s chosen people
In what way did Elijah Muhammad encourage his supporters in the NOI to change their names ?
He encouraged his followers to drop their ‘slave’ names in Favour of Muslim names, or in most cases an ‘X’ to signify that they had lost their identity to slavery.
Give 2 famous figures who changed their names due to Elijah Muhammad’s encouragement to drop their ‘slave’ names in favour of Muslim names or an ‘X’
1) Malcolm X
2) Muhammad Ali
What was Malcolm X’s previous name before changing due to being a member of NOI ?
Malcolm little
What was Muhammad Ali’ previous name before changing due to being a member of NOI ?
Cassius Clay
Why did many Americans criticise the NOI and sought to join other more harmonious civil rights groups
Because of the divisive nature of the beliefs taught
