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TU2 - Refining and Gas Processes > Origin and Composition of Petroleum Products > Flashcards

Origin and Composition of Petroleum Products Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of units are used to remove sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen ?

A

Hydrotreatment units

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2
Q

What are hydrotreatment units for ?

A

They are used to remove sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen

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3
Q

Why do we want to remove sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen ?

A

Because they are poison for catalysts used in the conversion units (like reforming units)

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4
Q

Where are heavy metals mostly concentrated ?

A

Heavy metals are concentrated in te asphaltenes (=bitumens)

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5
Q

Which heavy metals do we find mostly in crude oil ?

A

Nickel and Vanadium are the metals found in crude oil

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6
Q

Why are heavy metals a problem for crude oil ?

A

They are a poison for catalysts

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7
Q

What is the link between API and specific gravity ?

A

API and specific gravity are inversely proportional

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8
Q

What makes crude oil black ?

A

Crude oil is black because of asphaltenes, which are polyaromatic structures

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9
Q

In the atmospheric and vaccuum columns, which streams do we expect to be black ?

A

Distillation and vacccuum residue should be black

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10
Q

What is the meaning of a black stream for a side-stream in the distillation or vaccuum column ?

A

It is the sign of the presence of asphlatenes and therefore of pollution of this stream

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11
Q

For n-parraffins, what is the relation between the number of carbon, boiling point and specific gravity ?

A

If the number of carbon increases, so does the boiling point and specific gravity

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12
Q

What is the component family most present in crudes ?

A

Paraffins are always the most present in crudes

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13
Q

Which component family doesn”t exist in natural state in crude oil ?

A

Olefins don’t naturally exist in crude oil

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14
Q

Why is H2S a problem ?

A

H2S is a lethal gas (1000 ppm = instant death). It’s also a problem for the environment (acidic rains)

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15
Q

How is sulfur treated in a refinery

A

Sulfur is first turned into H2S in hydrotreatment units and then turn into elementary sulfur (Claus unit)

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16
Q

According to the PIANO classification, what do we want in a gasoline grade ?

A

In a gasoline grade, we want isoparaffins and aromatics but we absolutely don’t want n-paraffins

17
Q

According to the PIANO classification, what do we want in a diesel grade ?

A

In a diesel grade, we want n-paraffins and we absoluetly want to avoid isoparaffins and aromatics

18
Q

What is the feed temperature at the inlet of the atmospheric distillation ?

A

The Feed of the atmospheric distillation is between 360 and 370°C

19
Q

Why do we need a vaccuum column ?

A

We need vaccuum to reduce BP of heavy products and be able to separare them without cracking them

20
Q

Which cuts are used for diesel ?

A

Light and Heavy gas oils are used for diesel but also kerosene

21
Q

What is the kerosen cut used for ?

A

The kerosen cut is used for jet fuel and diesel

22
Q

What are the possible outcomes for the VGO cuts ?

A

They can be used for lubricants or send to the FCC or the hydrocracker

23
Q

Why are they two VGO cuts

A

One is always safe (without Ni or Vd) and can be sent directly to FCC or HCK. The other can be contaminated and needs to be checked regularly

24
Q

What does VGO stand for ?

A

Vaccuum Gas Oil

25
Q

What are the main products of the FCC unit ?

A

Olefins and Aromatics

It’s a gasoline unit

26
Q

What is used in a FCC unit to crack the molecules ?

A

In a FCC we use heat and a catalyst to crack

27
Q

What are the main products of the HCK unit ?

A

Paraffins and Isoparaffins

It’s a diesel unit

28
Q

What are the two steps in a HCK unit ?

A

First remove sulfur and hydrogenation of aromatic cycles

Then cracking reaction

29
Q

What cuts do we get in a FCC unit ?

A

Gases, Naphthas and LGO

30
Q

What cuts do we get in HCK unit ?

A

Naphtha, kerosene and gas oil

31
Q

In the gasoline cut, which components are chemically modified ?

A

Paraffins are sent to isomerization units to become isoP or to reforming units to become aromatics
Napthenes are sent to reforming units to become aromatics

32
Q

What does A.D.O stand for ?

A

Automotive Dieseil Oil

33
Q

What is the other advantage of reforming units ?

A

Reforming units produce H2 which is needed for HCK units

TU2 - Refining and Gas Processes (14 decks)

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