Orgo Flashcards
don’t forget to draw out the H’s when given line structure
MADE MANY MISTAKES
electron domains and hybridization
bonds don’t count as things!! double bond is only “one” thing
when given questions about overlapping orbitals
TRY TO think of the whole hybridization of each atom, then how they overlap
carbocation
carbon with a + chargw
best resonance
- has formal charge on most EN atom
best resonance when given carbonation or anion
just push the charges to the next carbon for resonance (flip) ** see page 1
best resonance for radical
draw three arrow pushing structures to shift the bonds. the most stable is gonna be the one with the least interruption of the =/= bond alternation see page 1
newman projection steps
- draw out the full line structure
- draw an EYE from where you look
- draw the circle and the Y. the dot in the centre of the Y is the first carbon the eye sees. then the branches are what it is bonded to. then draw the back circle with the biggest atoms as far away from each other
** see back of page 1
newman projection staggered
when the biggest groups are separate from each other
newman projection eclipsed
when the two big groups are ontop of each other
order of stability newman projection
staggered> guache> eclipsed
newman projection guache
staggered but not directly opposite or ontop
newman projection anti
staggered and opposite
alkanes
C-C
Alkenes
C=C
alkynes
C triple C
smallest cycloalkane?
cyclopropane
cycloalkanes
cyclic or ringed alkanes
most stable cycloalkane
cyclohexane
how to draw chair conformation and H
- draw to parallel lines =
- add two more parallel lines at 109.5 degrees from before the other ones
- connect the two with 2 more parallel lines
- look at what parts point up and down, and add axial up and down accordingly
- look at the axial stuff and draw equatorial in general opposite direction to get kind of a < shape
axial
up and down lines in chair
equatorial
side up or side down in chair
why are Equatorial planes more stable in chair confirmations
because of 1,3 diaxial interactions
- axial are separated by only one carbon, while eq are separated by more angle making them more stable for LARGER atoms
ring strain chair confirmation
when the cyclohexane interior angles are more strained that the outside angles
cis and trans cyclohexanes
cis is same direction
bronstead acid
donates H+
lewis acid
accepts electrons
conjugate base formula
Cb = H-1
stronger the acid, the __ cb?
weaker
stronger the base, the ___ ca?
weaker
increased Ka, means what to aka and what to acid strength
decreased pKa, increased acid strength
more stable the cb, the ___ the acid
stronger
more stable the ca, the ___ the base
stronger
pKa for the H on H2O
16
pKa for the H on H3o+
-2
pKa for the H on Ch3Cooh
5
pKa for the H on NH4+
10
pKa for the H on Ch3CoCh3
20
pKa for the H on hexane + OH
10
CARDIO
charge, atom, resonance, dipole induction and orbital hybridization to RANK ACIDS AND BASES
Charge for ranking acids
more positive the compound, the more acidic
Charge for ranking bases
more negative the compound, the more basic
atom for ranking acid
acidity increases if
- its electronegative
- very big (MOST BIG FACTOR)
resonance for acids
more stable the conjugate base, the stronger the acid
resonance for bases
more stable the conjugate acid, the stronger the acid
tip for resonance acids and bases
take away the H from the acid and see how stable the - charge is
dipole induction for ranking acids and bases
bigger the dipole away from the H, means more acidic
orbitals for ranking acids and bases
more S character, like closer to sp than sp3, is more acidic
pH and protonation of functional groups
if the solution pH is lower than the pKa, the functional group will protonate
higher will deprotonate
high acidity of amino acid
gets all protonated so its all h’d up
neutral pH and amino acid
stays as NH3+ and O-
high pH, amino acids
get lass protonated, and have as less H as possible
NH2, O-
practice chapter two question bank
!!! hard questions
practice chapter three question bank
NAMING
please review the screens hotted notes on orgo folder
!!
