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1
Q

sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

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2
Q

lactose

A

galactose and glucose

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3
Q

maltose

A

glucose twice

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4
Q

when OH points down, its on

A

alpha sugar. points up Is beta

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5
Q

starch sugar

A

linear starch: amylose

branched: amylopectin 1.4 and 1.6

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6
Q

glycogen sugar

A

alpha bonded

- stored in liver and cells

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7
Q

cellulose

A

beta 1,4

- structure in plants

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8
Q

chitin

A
  • fungi cell walls

beta but with nitrogen
- N- acetyl glucosamine

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9
Q

protein terminus

A

N C Carboxyl

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10
Q

cysteine

A

contains sulfur for disulphide bridges

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11
Q

proteome

A

its like a genome

cell can have many proteomes

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12
Q

protein structure shape

A

fibrous is usually structural

globular is enzymes

intermediate

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13
Q

protein denaturation

A
  • high or low temp, pH changes, salt concentrations
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14
Q

specificity constant

A

higher means more substrate affinity. highly efficient

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15
Q

co factor

A

non protein molecule that helps enzymes

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16
Q

coenzyme

A

organic cofactor

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17
Q

holoenzyme

A

bound to cofactors

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18
Q

apoenzymes

A

enzymes that are not bound to their cofactors

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19
Q

prothetic groups

A

cofactors are tightly bonded to their enzymes

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20
Q

competitive inhibition

A

rate of enzyme action can be increased by adding more substrate

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21
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

rate of enzyme action can’t be increased by adding more substrate

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22
Q

Michaelis constant

A

50 percent max velocity

- large KM means many substrate is needed so enzyme fcn is LOW

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23
Q

lipids structure atoms

A

CHO

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24
Q

triglyceride

A
  • glycerol 3 c

- three fatty acids

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25
Q

phospholipids

A
  • have a glycerol backbone, one phosphate group and two fatty acids
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26
Q

cholesterol

A

4 rings

  • used in steroid hormones
  • also cell membranes
  • starting material for vitamin D and bile acids
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27
Q

membrane fluidity

A
  • temperature: when its high, membrane decreases fluidity by increasing unsaturated fatty acids

cholesterol

saturated vs unsaturated

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28
Q

low density lipoproteins

A
  • low protein density and work to deliver cholesterol to periphery
  • BAD
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29
Q

high density lipoproteins

A
  • high protein density
    and take cholesterol away from periphery
  • GOOD
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30
Q

waxes fat

A
  • long chains with alcohol
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31
Q

carotenoids fat

A

plant pigments

have rings at each end

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32
Q

nucleic acid molecule structure

A

CHONP

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33
Q

nucleosides

A

contain a 5c sugar and nitrogenous base

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34
Q

nucleotides

A

5 c sugar and nitrogen and P

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35
Q

Purines

A

two ringed

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36
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A
  • 5’ end is the phosphate, r’ end is the hydroxyl

- extended from 3’ end

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37
Q

AT bonds

A

2 h bonds

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38
Q

central dogma of genetics

A

DNA- RNA to proteins

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39
Q

integral proteins

A

entire bilyarer

- cell signalling or transport

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40
Q

peripheral proteins receptor

A

trigger secondary responses in the cell for signalling

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41
Q

peripheral proteins adhesion

A
  • attaches cell to other things
  • act as anchors for cytoskeleton
  • internal filaments and tubules
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42
Q

peripheral proteins cellular recognition

A
  • proteins which have carbohydrate chains (glycoproteins)
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43
Q

uni, symp, and antiporters

A
  • single, double or opposite in facilitated transport
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44
Q

facilitated transport

A

integral proteins allow larger hydrophilic molecules to cross membrane

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45
Q

channel and carrier proteins

A

facilitated transport

  • open tunnel or face one side and change to bring it to the other one
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46
Q

passive diffusion

A

type of facilitated that is done by channel proteins

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47
Q

active transport 2 types

A

primary uses atp

secondary uses free energy released when other molecules move across a gradient to pump the molecule

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48
Q

cytosis

A

active transport

- bulk and hydrophilic

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49
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

requires binding of dissolved molecules to peripheral membrane receptor proteins

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50
Q

exocytosis

A

release stuff through vesicle secretion

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51
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol plus organelles

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52
Q

nucleus what occurs

A
  • DNA - mRNA
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53
Q

nucleoplasm

A

cytoplasm of nuc

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54
Q

nuclear envelop

A

membrane of nucleus. has PERInuclear space between

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55
Q

nuclear pores

A

holes in envelope

56
Q

nuclear lamina

A

proves structure to nuc and regulates DNA

57
Q

nucleolus

A
  • makes rRNA and ribosomal subunits (rRNA and proteins)
58
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

in nuc, cytosol, and ER

59
Q

eukaryotic ribosomal subunits

A

60s, 40s assemble in nucleoplasm

then export to cytosol to make ribosome 80s

60
Q

prokaryotic ribosomal subunits

A

50s and 30s assemble in nucleic , and form in cytosol 70s

61
Q

what do ribosomes make

A

free floating: make proteins in cytosol

rough ER: make proteins that send out of cell or to cell membrane

62
Q

rough ER

A

cts with outer membrane of nuclear envelope

  • rough from ribosomes
  • proteins made go into the lumen inside the ER for modification, then out of cell or to cell membrane
63
Q

smooth er

A

synthesizes lipids, produces steroids and detox cells

64
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

has cisternae (flattened sacs) that package stuff.

  • vesicles come from the cis face (close to ER) and leave from trans face (side to cell membrane)
65
Q

lysosomes

A

break down endocytosis stuff by digestion at low ph. also do autophagy (recycle) and apoptosis

66
Q

transport vacuoles

A
  • transport between organelles
67
Q

food vacuoles

A

hold food and fuse with lysosomes

68
Q

central vacuoles

A

very large in plants. have a tonoplast membrane that exerts turgor
- storages and material breakdown

69
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

found in single celled organisms. get rid of water

70
Q

storage vacuoles

A

store starch, pigments and toxic substances

71
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

pump out water in single celled orgs

72
Q

endomembrane system

A

modify package and transport proteins

- nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacs and cell membrane

73
Q

peroxisomes

A

found in liver and kidney, detox, generate hydrogen peroxide to break down to water using catalase

74
Q

centrosomes

A

contain a pair of centrioles, and organize microtubules during cell division

75
Q

microfilaments

A

double helix made of actin filaments

involved in cell movement through cyclists, cleavage frrow and contraction

76
Q

cyclosis

A

cytoplasm streaming

77
Q

cleavage furrow

A

actin filaments contract to split cell

78
Q

muscle contraction

A

actin has directionality, so it has a myosin poor to pull on them for muscle contraction

79
Q

intermediate filmanets

A

between microfilaments and tubules in size. help with structure. like keratin

80
Q

lamin filament

A

intermediate filmament that helps make up nuclear lamina

81
Q

microtubules

A

largest in size. give structure and have tubular protein dimers. hollow. have cilia and flagella

82
Q

centrioles MTOCs

A

holllow cylinders

  • make of 9x3 array of microtubules
  • contain a pair of centrioles at 90 angles. replicate during s phase so each cell has one centrosome
83
Q

cilia and flagella MTOCs

A

have 9+2 array of double microtubules and two singles in the centre
- produced by a basal body which is formed by the mother centriole

84
Q

MTOCs

A

organize microtubules extension in EUK cells

85
Q

extracellular matrix

A

provides outside support

86
Q

extracellular matrix proteoglycan

A

glycoprotein that has a high proportion of carbs

87
Q

collagen extracellular matrix

A

structure organized into collagen fibrils

88
Q

integrin extracellular matrix

A
  • transmembrane protein that facilitated EDm adhesion and signals to cells about environ,ment
89
Q

fibronectin extracellular matrix

A

protein that connects intern to ECM and helps with signal transduction

90
Q

laminin

A

behaves like fibronectin. works with cell diff, adhesion and movement. major component of basal lamina

91
Q

Archaea cell walls

A

contain polysaccarides

92
Q

plants cell walls

A

contain cellulose

93
Q

fungi cell walls

A

contain chitin

94
Q

bacteria cell walls

A

contain peptidoglycans

95
Q

virus cell walls

A

doesn’t have cell wall

96
Q

cell walls

A

carb based and provide structure

97
Q

glycocalyx

A

glycolipid / protein coat that is found on bacterial or animal epithelial cells. helps with adhesion protection and cell recognition

98
Q

anchoring junctions

A

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

  • produce stability in skin, cervix and uterus
99
Q

cell matrix junctions

A

connect ECM to cytoskeleton

focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes

100
Q

focal adhesions

A

ECM connects via interns to actin inside the cell

101
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

ECM connects via interns to intermediate filaments inside the cell

102
Q

cell cell junctions

A

connect adjacent cells

tight junctions, desmosomes, adherens, and gap junctions

103
Q

tight junctions

A

water tight seal between cells to ensure stuff passes through cells and not between

104
Q

desmosomes

A

mechanical stress support. connect cells by intermediate filaments

105
Q

adherens

A

similar to desmosomes but connect via actin

106
Q

gap junctions

A

allow passage of ions and small molecules between cells

107
Q

plant cell junctions

A
  1. middle lamella

2. plasmodesmoata

108
Q

middle lamella plant cell

A

sticky cement similar to tight junctions

109
Q

plant cell plasmodesmata

A

tunnels between cells so cytosol travels between

110
Q

glycolysis eqn

A

glucose –> 2 ATP 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate

111
Q

please write out each enzyme in glycolysis

A

hexokinase. isomerase. phosphofructokinase

112
Q

pyruvate manipulations eqn

A

2 pyruvate –> 2 co2 2 nah 2 acetyl coA

113
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

decarboxylates, oxidizes pyruvate and binds acetyl coA

114
Q

krebs cycle eqn

A

2 acetyl coA- 4 co2 6 nah 2 fadh2 2 GTP

SEE PAGE

115
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

takes nADH and FADH2 + o2 –> app H20

116
Q

aerobic respiration

A

free energy and spontaneous

117
Q

NADH atp?

A
  1. can make 4-6 as there is a membrane to shuttle. prokaryotes don’t shuttle so they make 6
118
Q

see chart for aerobic totals

A

please check

119
Q

lactic acid

A

takes 2 NADH and make 2 lactic acid.

120
Q

cori cycle

A

converts lactate back to glucose. transport lactate to liver where it Is oxidized

121
Q

after a meal

A

glycogen stores in liver and mucles

  • insulin stimulates glycogen production
  • glucagon levels decrease in blood
  • gluconeogensis dec
122
Q

alcohol

A

uses 2 NADh to convert to 2 ethanol by also making Co2

123
Q

obligate aerobes

124
Q

obligate anerobes

A

o2 is poison

125
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can do both o2 and not but prefers o2

126
Q

microaerophiles

A

only o2 but not high levels

127
Q

aerotolerant

A

can undergo anaerobic respiration but are tolerant to o2

128
Q

glycogenolysis

A

makes glycogen to enter glycolysis

129
Q

glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen to be stored in the liver

130
Q

lipolysis

A

lipases digest fats to fatty acids, and alcohols through lipolysis. then absorbed by enterocytes to reform tryglycerides

131
Q

beta oxidation

A

converts fats to acetyl coA and use ATP

132
Q

adipocytes

A

store fat and have lipase enzymes to help release triglycerides back into circulation as lipoproteins or bound by albumin

133
Q

chylomicrons

A

lipoprotein transport formed by fusing triglycerides with proteins. phospholipids and cholesterol. leave enterocytes and enter lacteals that take fats to body

134
Q

location of gluconeogenesis

135
Q

deamination

A

proteins are least desirable energy

- removal of nH3 deamination and then ammonia is urine

136
Q

please see cards for difference between pro and euk

DAT (8 decks)

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