Bio Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
sucrose
A
glucose and fructose
2
Q
lactose
A
galactose and glucose
3
Q
maltose
A
glucose twice
4
Q
when OH points down, its on
A
alpha sugar. points up Is beta
5
Q
starch sugar
A
linear starch: amylose
branched: amylopectin 1.4 and 1.6
6
Q
glycogen sugar
A
alpha bonded
- stored in liver and cells
7
Q
cellulose
A
beta 1,4
- structure in plants
8
Q
chitin
A
- fungi cell walls
beta but with nitrogen
- N- acetyl glucosamine
9
Q
protein terminus
A
N C Carboxyl
10
Q
cysteine
A
contains sulfur for disulphide bridges
11
Q
proteome
A
its like a genome
cell can have many proteomes
12
Q
protein structure shape
A
fibrous is usually structural
globular is enzymes
intermediate
13
Q
protein denaturation
A
- high or low temp, pH changes, salt concentrations
14
Q
specificity constant
A
higher means more substrate affinity. highly efficient
15
Q
co factor
A
non protein molecule that helps enzymes
16
Q
coenzyme
A
organic cofactor
17
Q
holoenzyme
A
bound to cofactors
18
Q
apoenzymes
A
enzymes that are not bound to their cofactors
19
Q
prothetic groups
A
cofactors are tightly bonded to their enzymes
20
Q
competitive inhibition
A
rate of enzyme action can be increased by adding more substrate
21
Q
noncompetitive inhibition
A
rate of enzyme action can’t be increased by adding more substrate
22
Q
Michaelis constant
A
50 percent max velocity
- large KM means many substrate is needed so enzyme fcn is LOW
23
Q
lipids structure atoms
A
CHO
24
Q
triglyceride
A
- glycerol 3 c
- three fatty acids
25
phospholipids
- have a glycerol backbone, one phosphate group and two fatty acids
26
cholesterol
4 rings
- used in steroid hormones
- also cell membranes
- starting material for vitamin D and bile acids
27
membrane fluidity
- temperature: when its high, membrane decreases fluidity by increasing unsaturated fatty acids
cholesterol
saturated vs unsaturated
28
low density lipoproteins
- low protein density and work to deliver cholesterol to periphery
- BAD
29
high density lipoproteins
- high protein density
and take cholesterol away from periphery
- GOOD
30
waxes fat
- long chains with alcohol
31
carotenoids fat
plant pigments
have rings at each end
32
nucleic acid molecule structure
CHONP
33
nucleosides
contain a 5c sugar and nitrogenous base
34
nucleotides
5 c sugar and nitrogen and P
35
Purines
two ringed
36
phosphodiester bonds
- 5' end is the phosphate, r' end is the hydroxyl
| - extended from 3' end
37
AT bonds
2 h bonds
38
central dogma of genetics
DNA- RNA to proteins
39
integral proteins
entire bilyarer
| - cell signalling or transport
40
peripheral proteins receptor
trigger secondary responses in the cell for signalling
41
peripheral proteins adhesion
- attaches cell to other things
- act as anchors for cytoskeleton
- internal filaments and tubules
42
peripheral proteins cellular recognition
- proteins which have carbohydrate chains (glycoproteins)
43
uni, symp, and antiporters
- single, double or opposite in facilitated transport
44
facilitated transport
integral proteins allow larger hydrophilic molecules to cross membrane
45
channel and carrier proteins
facilitated transport
- open tunnel or face one side and change to bring it to the other one
46
passive diffusion
type of facilitated that is done by channel proteins
47
active transport 2 types
primary uses atp
secondary uses free energy released when other molecules move across a gradient to pump the molecule
48
cytosis
active transport
| - bulk and hydrophilic
49
receptor mediated endocytosis
requires binding of dissolved molecules to peripheral membrane receptor proteins
50
exocytosis
release stuff through vesicle secretion
51
cytoplasm
cytosol plus organelles
52
nucleus what occurs
- DNA - mRNA
53
nucleoplasm
cytoplasm of nuc
54
nuclear envelop
membrane of nucleus. has PERInuclear space between
55
nuclear pores
holes in envelope
56
nuclear lamina
proves structure to nuc and regulates DNA
57
nucleolus
- makes rRNA and ribosomal subunits (rRNA and proteins)
58
where are ribosomes found
in nuc, cytosol, and ER
59
eukaryotic ribosomal subunits
60s, 40s assemble in nucleoplasm
then export to cytosol to make ribosome 80s
60
prokaryotic ribosomal subunits
50s and 30s assemble in nucleic , and form in cytosol 70s
61
what do ribosomes make
free floating: make proteins in cytosol
rough ER: make proteins that send out of cell or to cell membrane
62
rough ER
cts with outer membrane of nuclear envelope
- rough from ribosomes
- proteins made go into the lumen inside the ER for modification, then out of cell or to cell membrane
63
smooth er
synthesizes lipids, produces steroids and detox cells
64
Golgi apparatus
has cisternae (flattened sacs) that package stuff.
- vesicles come from the cis face (close to ER) and leave from trans face (side to cell membrane)
65
lysosomes
break down endocytosis stuff by digestion at low ph. also do autophagy (recycle) and apoptosis
66
transport vacuoles
- transport between organelles
67
food vacuoles
hold food and fuse with lysosomes
68
central vacuoles
very large in plants. have a tonoplast membrane that exerts turgor
- storages and material breakdown
69
contractile vacuoles
found in single celled organisms. get rid of water
70
storage vacuoles
store starch, pigments and toxic substances
71
contractile vacuoles
pump out water in single celled orgs
72
endomembrane system
modify package and transport proteins
| - nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacs and cell membrane
73
peroxisomes
found in liver and kidney, detox, generate hydrogen peroxide to break down to water using catalase
74
centrosomes
contain a pair of centrioles, and organize microtubules during cell division
75
microfilaments
double helix made of actin filaments
| involved in cell movement through cyclists, cleavage frrow and contraction
76
cyclosis
cytoplasm streaming
77
cleavage furrow
actin filaments contract to split cell
78
muscle contraction
actin has directionality, so it has a myosin poor to pull on them for muscle contraction
79
intermediate filmanets
between microfilaments and tubules in size. help with structure. like keratin
80
lamin filament
intermediate filmament that helps make up nuclear lamina
81
microtubules
largest in size. give structure and have tubular protein dimers. hollow. have cilia and flagella
82
centrioles MTOCs
holllow cylinders
- make of 9x3 array of microtubules
- contain a pair of centrioles at 90 angles. replicate during s phase so each cell has one centrosome
83
cilia and flagella MTOCs
have 9+2 array of double microtubules and two singles in the centre
- produced by a basal body which is formed by the mother centriole
84
MTOCs
organize microtubules extension in EUK cells
85
extracellular matrix
provides outside support
86
extracellular matrix proteoglycan
glycoprotein that has a high proportion of carbs
87
collagen extracellular matrix
structure organized into collagen fibrils
88
integrin extracellular matrix
- transmembrane protein that facilitated EDm adhesion and signals to cells about environ,ment
89
fibronectin extracellular matrix
protein that connects intern to ECM and helps with signal transduction
90
laminin
behaves like fibronectin. works with cell diff, adhesion and movement. major component of basal lamina
91
Archaea cell walls
contain polysaccarides
92
plants cell walls
contain cellulose
93
fungi cell walls
contain chitin
94
bacteria cell walls
contain peptidoglycans
95
virus cell walls
doesn't have cell wall
96
cell walls
carb based and provide structure
97
glycocalyx
glycolipid / protein coat that is found on bacterial or animal epithelial cells. helps with adhesion protection and cell recognition
98
anchoring junctions
desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
- produce stability in skin, cervix and uterus
99
cell matrix junctions
connect ECM to cytoskeleton
focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes
100
focal adhesions
ECM connects via interns to actin inside the cell
101
hemidesmosomes
ECM connects via interns to intermediate filaments inside the cell
102
cell cell junctions
connect adjacent cells
tight junctions, desmosomes, adherens, and gap junctions
103
tight junctions
water tight seal between cells to ensure stuff passes through cells and not between
104
desmosomes
mechanical stress support. connect cells by intermediate filaments
105
adherens
similar to desmosomes but connect via actin
106
gap junctions
allow passage of ions and small molecules between cells
107
plant cell junctions
1. middle lamella
| 2. plasmodesmoata
108
middle lamella plant cell
sticky cement similar to tight junctions
109
plant cell plasmodesmata
tunnels between cells so cytosol travels between
110
glycolysis eqn
glucose --> 2 ATP 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate
111
please write out each enzyme in glycolysis
hexokinase. isomerase. phosphofructokinase
112
pyruvate manipulations eqn
2 pyruvate --> 2 co2 2 nah 2 acetyl coA
113
pyruvate dehydrogenase
decarboxylates, oxidizes pyruvate and binds acetyl coA
114
krebs cycle eqn
2 acetyl coA- 4 co2 6 nah 2 fadh2 2 GTP
SEE PAGE
115
oxidative phosphorylation
takes nADH and FADH2 + o2 --> app H20
116
aerobic respiration
free energy and spontaneous
117
NADH atp?
3. can make 4-6 as there is a membrane to shuttle. prokaryotes don't shuttle so they make 6
118
see chart for aerobic totals
please check
119
lactic acid
takes 2 NADH and make 2 lactic acid.
120
cori cycle
converts lactate back to glucose. transport lactate to liver where it Is oxidized
121
after a meal
glycogen stores in liver and mucles
- insulin stimulates glycogen production
- glucagon levels decrease in blood
- gluconeogensis dec
122
alcohol
uses 2 NADh to convert to 2 ethanol by also making Co2
123
obligate aerobes
need o2
124
obligate anerobes
o2 is poison
125
facultative anaerobes
can do both o2 and not but prefers o2
126
microaerophiles
only o2 but not high levels
127
aerotolerant
can undergo anaerobic respiration but are tolerant to o2
128
glycogenolysis
makes glycogen to enter glycolysis
129
glycogenesis
conversion of glucose to glycogen to be stored in the liver
130
lipolysis
lipases digest fats to fatty acids, and alcohols through lipolysis. then absorbed by enterocytes to reform tryglycerides
131
beta oxidation
converts fats to acetyl coA and use ATP
132
adipocytes
store fat and have lipase enzymes to help release triglycerides back into circulation as lipoproteins or bound by albumin
133
chylomicrons
lipoprotein transport formed by fusing triglycerides with proteins. phospholipids and cholesterol. leave enterocytes and enter lacteals that take fats to body
134
location of gluconeogenesis
liver
135
deamination
proteins are least desirable energy
| - removal of nH3 deamination and then ammonia is urine
136
please see cards for difference between pro and euk
please
