Chem Kaplan And DATB review Flashcards
Glassware can be made of
plastic, or rubber. if organic, can’t use plastic
round bottom flask adv
- used for reaction, heating or vaccuum applications
- allow it to be clamped and heated
retort glassware adv
- used for distillation and must be placed in a stand
- the weird round thing with a handle
separatory funnel adv
- used to separate by polarity
funnel adv
used for large amounts
transfer pipets
made of plastic
pasteur pipets
made of glass. require a separate bulb
bell jars
contain vaccuums
- (upside down lid thing)
watch glasses
AKA evaporating dish
- covers beaker (the concave thing)
meniscus of graduated cylinder
- if meniscus is concave, then its attracted to glass
- convex if its not (like mercury)
buret adv
used for titrations and drop by drop stuff
volumetric pipet adv
deliver single volume with lots of precision and accuracy
volumetric flask
used to make molar solutions
pH determination by probe
more points measured is more accurate
litmus paper
red under acid (less than 4.5)
blue in basic (greater than 8.3)
analytical balance
the door one. very precise
how to use bomb calorimeter
can be constant pressure or constant volume
- heat the thing up and measure change in water
** don’t need to use the most precise instrument all the time
bruh
Dalton’s atomic theory
- elements are made of atoms
- compounds have more than one element
- reaction leaves atoms the same
protons weigh
a lot
smaller the distance between orbitals, the __ the energy
higher
heisenberg uncertainty
more you know about momentum, the less you know about position
pauli exclusion principle
ONLY ONE e can have a certain number
parallel spins
having both + or - spin
paired spins
opposite spins
aufbau principle
old man says must be filled from low energy first
Hund’s rule
fill one up spin first
** always write out electron configuration
YES
COLUMN
is downward
representative elements
S or p sublevels
nonrepresentative elements
f and d
alkaline earth metals have ___ electron affinity
low
mentally think about the metalloids
staircase
PLEASE DEAR GOD memorize the polyatomic ions
see screenshot
group 0 is
noble gases
terra
10^12
giga
10^9
mega
10^6
kilo
10^3
centi
10^02
mili
10^-3
micro
10^-6
nano
10^-9
percent error
actual - theoretical/ theoretical
parallax error
misreading meniscus
beer Lambert law
absorbance = length, concentration and E (higher for bright colours)
- absorbance and concentration are proportional
percent composition steps
1) assume 100g
2) get moles
3) divide answers by smaller # of moles
4) multiply to get whole #s
BCC stands for
balance, convert ALL to moles, coefficient
*** convert everything to moles
yes
transition metals
brightly coloured due to d orbitals
*** use electron configuration to determined para or dia
yes
photon energy
more energy = more frequencies = less wavelength
photoelectric effect
energy of E = E photon - e excitation
exceptions to octet rule
- Li and Be, B and elements beyond phosphorus and sulfur
bond length
more bonds means less bond length
bond energy
stronger bond if its shorter
So4 2- resonance
** has 6 structures since S can accept more
coordinate covalent bond use
found in Lewis acid and base
lewis acid
accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond
lewis base
a compound that can donate an electron pair to form a covalent bond
sigma bond overlap is from
two orbitals overlap head to head
pi bond overlap is from
parallel p orbitals interact
hydrogen bonding
- must have an H bonded to FON to bond
when arranging compounds in order of boiling pt or something
PLEASE WRITE OUT THEIR FORCES
to find paramagnetic
add up valence electrons, and if odd number, then its paramagnetic
careful that if double bonds have resonance, they are weaker than no resonance
co2, vs co3
use mol highway in yield problems
YES
group 1
low ionization energy, react with h20, form metal hydroxides
group 2
low ionization energy, get more reactive with water as you move down
transition metals
brightly coloured with many ox states
molality
moles solute / kg solvent
soluble compounds
group 1, NO3, CLO4, acetate, and nh4
insoluble compounds
ag, pb, s, oh, hg, co3, and PO4
metathesis reaction
is also double displacement
reducing agent or reductant
is oxidized
oxidizing agent or oxidant
is reduced
Oxygen oxidation number
when more electronegative atom like F it is not -2, but +2
- also in peroxides it is -1
oxidation is at the
Anode
galvanic cells are
spontaneous with a -ve delta g
cations from the salt bridge flow to the
cathode
shorthand cell diagram
on left is anode, then anode solution. right is cathode solution then anode
electrolytic cells
positive delta G and therefore nonspontaneous
SHE e cell
0
higher E cell means
reduction
delta g with faraday eqn
delta G (in J) = - n FEcell
faraday constant value
96500
Nernst equation e cell from e standard
E cell = E standard cell - (0.06/n)(lnQ)
draw a reaction diagram when given
energies and stuff
- delta H is difference between products and reactants
half life eqn AKA decay constant
0.693/k
catalyst does
increase rate of forward and reverse rxns
- sometimes induce steric strain on a molecule
factors affecting reaction rate
MEDIUM affects too!
isolated system
can’t exchange matter or energy
standard conditions
298K, 1 atm, 1 M
*** not STP as this is used for NOT gases
enthalpy of formation
is the 0 one where its PR
bond enthalpy
R-P usually positive
entropy calculation
products - reactants
- positive means that it increases disorder
gibbs free energy eqn
delta G = H - t s
negative delta g
spontaneous rxn
- zero means equilibrium
when delta h is negative and s is positive
spontaneous all the time
when delta h is positive and s is negative
nonspontaneous
when both delta h and s are positive
spontaneous at HIGH T only
when both delta h and s are negative
spontaneous at LOW t
delta G rxn
products - reactnats
Isobaric process
constant pressure system
isochoric process
constant volume system
isothermal system
no change in temp system
adiabatic system
no heat exchange system
delta G can also be used for
work
C of water with calories
1 calorie!
when reaction Q is less than K, G is
negative!
reaction proceeds forward
when reaction Q is greater than K, G is
positive and reaction proceeds in reverse
rate units
just s-1
rate has a thing of just M, not m/s
integrated rate law 0
[A] and slope is -k
integrated rate law 1
ln[A] slope is -k
integrated rate law 2
1/[A] and slope is K
see notes for curved rate law
**
Arrhenius eqn
increase temp, increase K means increase rate
- decrease Ea means increase K
what can change k
only temp
reverse Keq is
inverse
finding molar solubility with ksp
write out eqn, then assume 1 molar concentration for the compound!!!
COMMON ion effect
write out eqn of what’s added
- ICE
precipitation calculation
eqn, see if Q> ksp
- if it is, then PRECIPITation happens
simple cubic
1 atom
face entered cubic
4 atm
body centred cubic
2 atom
phase changes going to gad
positive delta H and increase in delta s
boiling pt
when valour pressure equals external pressure
at sea level
The boiling point is lower at sea level because you experience less atmospheric pressure
at lower altitudes
higher pressure and higher bp
specific heat capacity and graph
is the slope. higher slope is higher C
Kelvin eqn
T plus 273
1 cm3 to ml
1 ml
1atm to torr and mmhg
760
ideal gases
ideal at low pressures and high temp
real gas law corrects for
IMP and repulsions
gases: volume and pressure
Boyle: volume up, pressure down
gases: volume and temp
Charles: both increase
gases: moles and volume
Avogadro: volume up as moles up
combined gas law
PV/ NT
ideal gas law
pv= nRT
R is 0.0821 L atm / mol K
STP
273 K and 1 atm
at stp, gases are volume
22.4L
Density eqn for gases
Pressure times MM/ RT
** useful for Gas id
dalton’s law
add up P of gas to find total
** to find one, multiply fraction by total
graham’s law
Rate 1/ rate 2 = Sqrt M2 / M1
colligative properties
freezing point down, boiling pt up
* use m not M
higher i in colligative
means higher colligative property!
Boiling point Raoult’s law
P solution = XaPa + XbPB
x is mol fraction
pa is vp pressure
osmotic pressure eqn
IMRT
R is 0.0821
Henry’s law
gas pressure is proportional to the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid
- more pressure means more gas
- Pa = kh [A]
crystaline solids
ordered structure
amorphous solid
disordered
ionic compound properties
high melting and bp, hard and brittle
use lattice energy
molecular solid
low MP, no e conduction
uses IMF
ex. Water
network covalent
VERY HIGh Mp, bp
network of covalent bonds
C, sio2
metallic solid
conduct e, shiny,
use metallic bonds
iron, mg
lattice energy
energy required to separate an ionic compound
in phase diagram if given a RANGE of temp, solid is
amorphous
when calculating Tf and Tb remember
THAT ITS JUST CHANGE
- must subtract (freezing) or add from 0 to get actual freezing or boiling pt
Arrhenius acid
H and Oh
bronstead Lowry bases
H+ donor and receiver
lewis acid
electron donor and acceptor
strong acid
HI, Her, ccl, hclo4, hclo3, h2so4, Hno3
strong base
group 1, Mg, Ca,Sr and Ba OH
strongest acid is?
Hi
Oxyacid trend is?
more O2 is higher acidity because it increases the stability of acid’s conjugate. base
remember pH
SAME with pOH
LOWEr when it’s 3.2 x 10-5
weak acid H+ concentration shortcut
H+ = sort of ka times HA
weak base OH- concentration shortcut
OH-= sqrt Kb times A-
Ka and acid
larger Ka means smaller pKA and stronger acid
which salts are neutral cations
group 1,2, and metals with +
which salts are neutral anions
strong acid anions
acidic/ basic salts
cations usually acids, anions are basic. **Hs04 is acid, F- is basic
how to increase solubility with pH
- see if comp is acid or basic
- ex. adding acid lowers pH so eq becomes more BASIC
how to make a buffer
- 1:1 ratio of weak acid and Cb
- 2:1 ratio of weak acid and SB
- work at +/-1 of desired range
buffer eqn
Pka + Log [A-]/[HA]
diprotic major species then pH is less than Pka1
H2a dominates
diprotic major species then pH is between Pka1 and pka2
HA- dominates
diprotic major species then pH is more than Pka2
then A2- dominates
delta E and w
delta E = q+ w
work and volume
w= -p delta v
conduction
heat transfer via agitation of material
convection
heat transfer due to motion of fluid
radiation
heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation
bomb calorimeter eqn
q= -c delta T
c in graph is
the /. more slope is more c
bond energy
R-P
delta G and k
delta g= - RT ln eq
* 8.314
delta g standard to delta g
delta g= delta G standard + RT ln Q
when k is greater than one, what is delta g
spontaneous, -ve
if e cell increases in Nernst eqn, then eq
is shifted right
electroplating qn
Current times Time in S/ Moles (F)
nuclear binding energy
E= Mc^2 c= 3 x 10^8
converting amu to kg
1 g/ 6.022 x 10^23 times 1 kg/ 1000 g
most stable nuclear is
Fe 56
vp and boiling point of two things is?
between them
watch x squared and KSP
please
watch wording on pH questions
please
Titrant
is what u know, so ITS NOT THE CURVE
when determining H and S signs,
just write out the eqn
Bomb calorimetry is different from specific heat
watch eqn
Phase change on graph is
FLAT PART
Watch wording and DON”T ASSUME in redox reactions
please
when comparing standard reduction potentials, switch them to be the same - or +
please
MORE POSITIVE REDUCTIoN POTENTIAL MEANS MORE LIKELY TO BE REDUCED
lol
nuclear capture reaction
A nuclear capture reaction, otherwise known as nuclear fusion, involves the combining of two or more reactants to make a single product and energy.
