Organs Of The GI Tract-1/5/16 Flashcards
List the vertebral level of which the following pass through the diaphragm:
A) Esophageal hiatus
B) IVC
C) Aorta
A) T10
B) T8
C) T12
“I 8, 10 Eggs, At Noon (12)”
_____ hernia is when the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm enlarges or weakens and allows the abdominal esophagus and parts of the stomach (cardia and sometimes fundus) to herniate upward into the thorax
Sliding hiatal
___ hernia is a defect in the diaphragm next to the hiatus and permits fundus of the stomach to herniate (not usually the esophagus)
Paraesophageal hiatal
What region(s) is the stomach?
Left hypochondriac and epigastric region
____ is the entrance to the pylorus and ____ is the entrance into the duodenum
Pyloric antrum, Pyloric orifice
List the posterior relationships of the stomach
Diaphragm, spleen, left suprarenal gland, upper left kidney, pancreas, left colic flexure, left transverse colon, transverse mesocolon
List the anterior relationships of the stomach:
Anterior abdominal wall, left costal margin, left diaphragm, left and quadrate lobes of the liver
The duodenum is located at approximately _____ vertebral bodies and is subdivided into these 4 parts:
L1-L4
Superior, descending, horizontal, ascending
The first part of the duodenum is surrounded by the ____ ligament
Hepatoduodenal
What is the relationship of the portal vein, hepatic a., and bile duct to the superior (1st part) part of the duodenum?
Where is the pancreas relative to the superior part of the duodenum?
Posterior and superior
Head of pancreas is inferior to it
What is the relationship of the fundus of the gallbladder, right lobe of liver, and transverse colon relative to the 2nd part (descending) of the duodenum? The right kidney & ureter? The head of the pancreas?
Which ducts enter into the 2nd part of the duodenum?
Anterior, Posterior, Medial
Bile and pancreatic ducts at the Major Duodenal Papilla
What is the relationship of the superior mesenteric a. & v. And root of the mesentery relative to the 3rd part (horizontal) of the duodenum? Head of the pancreas? Jejunum?
Cross the anterior surface, superior, anterior & inferior
The 4th part of the duodenum is held in place by ____
List the relationships of the root of the mesentery and jejunum relative to the 4th part of the duodenum? Left margin of aorta and medial border of psoas muscle?
Suspensory ligament (or muscle) of the duodenum (of Treitz)
Anterior, posterior
The jejunum is roughly ____ feet long, has _____ arcades, ____ vasa recta, and is more vascular. It also has ____ diameter, is thicker and more plicae circularis
8-10
Simple vascular
Long
Greater
The ileum is roughly ____ feet long, has _____ vascular arcades, _____ vasa recta, and is less vascular. It also has a ____ diameter with a thinner wall and fewer plicae circularis
10-12
Compound vascular
shorter
Smaller
_______ is the most common congenital anomaly of the small intestine and is a remnant of the vitelline duct. It is clinically difficult to distinguish from appendicitis
Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum–> Rule of 2’s: 2 inches long, 2 feet from the ileocecal junction, occurs in ~2% of population, may have 2 types of epithelia (gastric/pancreatic)
_____ is about 15 cm long at the root and attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior body wall
THE mesentery
Regarding the large intestine, ____ are 3 bands of longitudinal muscle on the outside of the colon, converge at the root of the appendix, and produce haustra (sacculations) that slow the movement of feces
Taenia coli
Regarding the large intestine, _____ are tags of fat and is a distinct characteristic of the large intestine
Appendices epiploicae (epiploic appendages)
____ has no epiploic appendages and is a blind “pouch” inferior to ileocecal orifice
____ is 2 folds that are not a true sphincter
____ is a cone-like projection of the ileum into the cecum and the opening for the appendix is inferior to this
Cecum
Ileocolic valve
Ileal papilla
Regarding appendicitis:
If the appendix itself is inflamed, pain is felt in the ____ region
If the peritoneum adjacent to the appendix is inflamed, pain is felt ____
epigastric
at McBurney’s point, overlying appendix
The ascending colon & descending colon are usually _____ retroperitoneal while the transverse and sigmoid colon are _____
Secondarily
Intraperitoneal
The ____ is the are of colon where lowest sigmoid artery has poor anastomoses with superior rectal a.
“Critical point” of Sudeck
The _____ is the dilated terminal part of the rectum
Rectal ampulla
The ____ muscle is part of the levator ani muscle that forms a sling at the anorectal junction. It is voluntary and allows for control of defecation.
Puborectalis
The ____ line is a line joining the tops (superior ends) of the rectal columns
The ____ line is a line joining the inferior ends of the anal valves
Anorectal
Pectinate (AKA Dentate line)
What are the characteristics of the following ABOVE the Pectinate line? A) Lymph B) Epithelium C) Embryological cell type D) Artery e) Vein F) Hemorrhoid type G) Nerves
A) Internal iliac LN B) Simple columnar C) Endoderm D) Superior rectal E) Superior rectal F) Internal (not painful) G) Inferior hypogastric plexus
What are the characteristics of the following BELOW the Pectinate line? A) Lymph B) Epithelium C) Embryological cell type D) Artery E) Vein F) Hemorrhoid type G) Nerves
A) Superficial inguinal n. B) Stratified squamous C) Ectoderm D) Middle & inferior rectal a. E) Middle & inferior rectal v. F) External (painful) G) Inferior Rectal
List the Retroperitoneal structures
SAD PUCKER Suprarenal (adrenal) glands Aorta & IVC Duodenum (2-4th parts) Pancreas Ureters Colon (descending and ascending) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum
Identify the location (region) of the spleen
Left hypochondriac region; midaxillary line between stomach and diaphragm
Where are the following relative to the spleen:
A) Diaphragm
B) Stomach, left colic flexure, and tail of pancreas
C) Left kidney and phrenicocolic ligament
A) Posterior
B) Anterior
C) Inferior
Is the pancreas intraperitoneal, primarily retroperitoneal, or secondarily retroperitoneal?
Secondarily retroperitoneal
What are the relationships of the following relative to the pancreas? A) Superior mesenteric a. & v. B) Splenic v. & a. C) Spleen D) IVC and aorta E) Stomach F) Transverse colon
A) Posterior to the neck B) Superior to or posterior to the body C) Tail against the spleen D) Posterior to the body E) Anterior F) Anterior and inferior
The main (major) pancreatic duct joins the bile duct and enter the 2nd part of the duodenum together through the ____
The accessory pancreatic duct (if present) enters the duodenum of the more superior ____
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Minor duodenal papilla
The ____ is a double layer of peritoneum that connects the liver to the anterior wall and contains the obliterated umbilical vein
The ____ includes the area where the IVC is posterior to the liver and the hepatic veins drain into it
Falciform ligament
Bare area
The ____ is a transverse fissure between caudate and quadrate lobes that transmits the portal triad (proper hepatic a., portal v., bile duct)
Porta hepatis
The right and left hepatic ducts merge to form the ___
The cystic duct stems directly from the gall bladder and combines with the ___ duct
The bile duct is formed from ____
Common hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct and cystic duct combination
The thoracic esophagus pierces the diaphragm at ___ and the esophageal hiatus is ____ of midline
T10, slightly left
