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GI-Midterm > Digestive Glands-1-8-16 > Flashcards

Digestive Glands-1-8-16 Flashcards

1
Q

A ___ secretory mechanism is defined by secretion of the whole cell

A

Holocrine

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2
Q

A ____ secretory mechanism is defined by gland releasing its products together with a small amount of the apical cytoplasm of the secretory cell

A

Apocrine

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3
Q

List the correct sequence of features in a compound gland

A

Acinus –> Intercalated duct –> Striated duct –> Intralobular duct –> Interlobular duct –> Lobar duct –> Main duct

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4
Q

What are the components of the lobule in a compound gland?

A

Acinus –> Intercalated duct –> Striated duct –> Intralobular duct

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5
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

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6
Q

Which salivary gland produces the majority (70%) of saliva?

A

Submandibular

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7
Q

The production of saliva is under the control of the ___ nervous systems

A

Autonomic

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8
Q

Plasma cells in the parotid gland secrete ___ which binds to the secretory piece inserted in the plasma membrane of acinar, intercalated, and striated epithelial cells

A

IgA

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9
Q

What are the protective functions of saliva?

A
  • Lysozyme-attacks walls of bacteria
  • Lactoferrin-chelates Fe necessary for bacterial growth
  • IgA-neutralizes bacteria and viruses
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10
Q

What are the digestive functions of saliva?

A
  • Amylase-initiates the digestion of carbs in the oral cavity
  • Lingual lipase-participates in the hydrolysis of dietary lipids
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11
Q

This salivary gland is exclusively serous acini:

A

Parotid

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12
Q

This salivary gland is mixed serous and mucus and has serous demilunes; Pure mucus acini are rare

A

Submandibular

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13
Q

This salivary gland is mixed serous and mucus and the mucus acini predominate

A

Sublingual

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14
Q

What are the enzymes and functions of the parotid gland secretions?

A

Enzymes: Amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme

Functions: Antimicrobial proteins including Proline-rich proteins, histatinsm, cystatins, and statherin have imporant implications for bacterial clearance, selective bacterial aggregation on the tooth surface, and control of mineralization and demineralization

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15
Q

This gland is the primary target of the rabies and mumps virus

A

Parotid

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16
Q

What are 2 complications of mumps?

A

Orchitis and meningitis

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17
Q

This gland is the most frequent site for slow-growing benign salivary gland tumors. Surgical removal is complicated by the need to protect the Facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Parotid

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18
Q

This salivary gland has mucous cells that secrete mucin which aids in the lubrication of the food bolus as it travels through the esopohagus. The serous cells of this gland produce salivary amylase.

A

Submandibular

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19
Q

This gland is a branched tubuloalveolar gland with both serous and mucous cells. Most secretory units are mucous.

A

Sublingual

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20
Q

What is the endocrine component and function of the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhands-Regulation of glucose metabolism by hormones secreted into the bloodstream

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21
Q

THe functional histological unit of the exocrine pancreas is the ___

A

Acinus

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22
Q

The exocrine pancreas lacks ___ ducts and ___ cells

A

Striated

Myoepithelial

23
Q

This exocrine pancreas cell is recognized by its location in the center of the pancreatic acinus and by its pale cytoplasm:

A

Centroacinar cell

24
Q

This endocrine component of the pancreas is surrounded by serous acini

A

Islet of langerhans

25
Q

This component of the exocrine pancreas is the continuation into the connective tissue stroma of the centroacinar cells

A

Intercalated duct

26
Q

This part of the exocrine pancreas is present at the apical portion of the pancreatic acinar cell

A

Zymogen granules

27
Q

These spindle-shaped cells of the pancreas secrete aq. HCO3 under stimulation of secretin and can also secrete mucin

A

Centroacinar cells

28
Q

___, produced in enteroendocrine cells of duodenal mucosa, binds to specific receptors of acinar cells and stimulates release of zymogen

A

CCK

29
Q

Amylase gene expression is regulated by this hormone

A

Insulin

30
Q

The clinical features of acute pancreatitis are severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting and rapid elevation of these serum enzymes (within 24-72 hrs):

A

Amylase and lipase

31
Q

What type of epithelium is the hepatic a.?

What type of epithelium is the bile duct?

What type of epithelium is the portal v.?

A
  • Simple squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple squamous
32
Q

The structural and functional unit of the liver is the ___

A

Hepatic lobule

33
Q

This part of the hepatic lobule collects sinusoidal blood containing a mixture of blood supplied by branches of portal vein and hepatic artery

A

Central venule (or vein)

34
Q

___ convey blood into the liver and bile out of the liver

___ drains blood from the liver

___ synthesizes bile, metabolizes nutrients and toxic material in the blood

A

Portal triads

Hepatic venule

Hepatocytes

35
Q

This organizational unit within the liver is a hexagonal lobule surrounding a central vein and has portal triads at the angles

A

Classic hepatic lobule

36
Q

This organization unit within the liver has a triangular arrangement with the center of the triangle possessing the bile duct collecting from 3 hepatic lobules. The angle of the triangle are the central veins of the 3 hepatic lobules

A

Portal lobule

37
Q

This organizational unit within the liver is based on the oxygen gradient of venous sinusoids of adjacent lobules. It is divided into 3 zones based on the blood supply to the hepatocytes from the branch of the hepatic artery

A

Liver acinus

38
Q

In regards to the portal triad and central venule, which way does blood flow? Which way does bile flow?

A

Blood flows from portal triad –> central venule

Bile flows from central venule –> portal triad

39
Q

This part of the liver lobule receives O2-rich blood from the hepatic a. And nutrients from the intestines via the portal vein and sends it to the central canal (blood flow out of the liver)

A

Hepatic sinusoids

40
Q

These liver cell types can be found within the sinusoids and are involved in the recycling of old RBCs

A

Kupffer cells

41
Q

What type of endothelium lines the liver sinusoids?

A

Fenestrated and lacks a continuous basement membrane (discontinuous capillaries)

42
Q

The space between the fenestrated endothelium and the cord of hepatocytes is known as the:

A

Space of Disse

43
Q

These liver cells are stellate cells of the liver, located at intervals within the space of Disse

A

Ito cells

44
Q

These liver cells function as storage sites for fat and vitamin A

A

Ito cells

45
Q

These are the functional endocrine and exocrine cells of the liver:

A

Hepatocytes

46
Q

The ____ domain of hepatocytes participates in absorption of blood-borne substances (bilirubin, peptide and steroid hormones, B12) and the secretion of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, coagulation factors, C proteins)

A

Basolateral

47
Q

What are functions of Smooth ER in hepatocytes?

A

Synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts
Glucuronide conjugation of bilirubin, steroids, and drugs
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Detox of lipid-soluble drugs

48
Q

The Rough ER and Golgi of hepatocytes do what?

A

Participate in the synthesis and glycosylation of secretory proteins

49
Q

What do peroxisomes of hepatocytes do?

A

Generate hydrogen peroxidase

50
Q

____ is the end product of heme catabolism

A

Bilirubin

51
Q

These cells convert heme into biliverdin

A

Macrophages

52
Q

What are the main functions of the gall bladder?

A

Storage, concentration ,and release of bile

53
Q

The smooth muscle of the gall bladder contracts to force bile out of the bladder and into the intestine by ____

A

CCK

54
Q

A ___ secretory mechanism is defined by exocytosis

A

Merocrine

GI-Midterm (11 decks)

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