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CPACC certification > Organizational Governance and Management > Flashcards

Organizational Governance and Management Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 recommendations from European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education Guidelines?

A
  1. Include an accessibility statement in the organization’s long-term strategy
  2. Develop a strategy or plan for implementing accessible information
  3. Make someone responsible for implementing the information accessibility plan and provide them with the required resources
  4. Plan an incremental(stegvis) implementation – be ambitious and modest at the same time
  5. Embed accessibility into your information production and dissemination processes
  6. Provide information, education and training on accessibility for all staff
  7. When outsourcing information production, make sure accessibility requirements are addressed and undergo a quality check
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2
Q

The Guidelines (European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education Guidelines) provide a model of how an organization could implement them. Explain the 3 areas (Policy, plan, practice):

A

Policy:
- Long term strategy
- Accessibility statement
- Ensure the procurement(upphandling) policy covers accessibility compliance

Plan:
- Information accessibility plan (cover specific steps)
- Ensure the person or team responsible for the plan has the necessary authority and resources.

Practice:
- Pilot trial of the guidelines
- Provide awareness training for staff
- Provide accessibility training for content specialists in tools to make information accessible
- Create style guides and templates
- Use the style guides and templates to create information
- Ensure that external content providers (such as authors, web developers, media producers, etc.) are provided with the Guidelines and comply with them
- Test for accessibility prior to release

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3
Q

What are the 4 major phases in the W3C Web Accessibility Initiatives guide for Planning an Managing Web Accessibility?

A
  • Initiate
  • Plan
  • Implement
  • Sustain
    (IPIS)
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4
Q

Explain INITIATE in W3C WAI Recommendations for Planning and Managing Web Accessibility.

A

INITIATE:
Develop understanding of accessibility and build organizational enthusiasm.

  • Learn the basics
  • Explore the current environment
  • Set objectives (measure success)
  • Develop business case
  • Raise awareness
  • Gather support
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5
Q

Explain PLAN in W3C WAI Recommendations for Planning and Managing Web Accessibility.

A

PLAN:
Develop clear goals and an environment that supports accessibility.

  • Create accessibility policy
  • Assign responsibilities
  • Determine budget and resources
  • Review environment
  • Review websites
  • Estabilish monitoring framwork
  • Engage with stakeholders
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6
Q

Explain IMPLEMENT in W3C WAI Recommendations for Planning and Managing Web Accessibility.

A

IMPLEMENT:
Ensure personnel are trained, tools are available, and accessibility is included throughout.

  • Build skills and expertise
  • Integreate goals into policies
  • Assign tasks and support delivery
  • Evaluate early and regularly
  • Prioritize issues
  • Track and communicate progress
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7
Q

Explain SUSTAIN in W3C WAI Recommendations for Planning and Managing Web Accessibility.

A

SUSTAIN:
Continue to review and report on content, processes and resources.

  • Monitor websites
  • Engage with stakeholders
  • Track standards and legislation
  • Adapt to new technologies
  • Incorporate user feedback
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8
Q

What are the 5 levels in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for Software development (it can also be applied to describe the accessibility efforts of an organization)?

A
  1. Initial
  2. Policies in Place
  3. Defined
  4. Managed
  5. Optimizing
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9
Q

Explain the organization when they are in the first level (INITIAL) in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for Software development.

A

INITIAL:
- Capability is ad hoc and unstable. The organization doesn’t have an estabilished process for ensuring that products, services and information are accessible

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10
Q

Explain the organization when they are in the second level (POLICIES IN PLACE) in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for Software development.

A

POLICIES IN PLACE:
The organization has established policies for managing projects and procedures for accessibility. The processes are: practiced, documented, enforced, trained, measured, and able to be improved.

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11
Q

Explain the organization when they are in the third level (DEFINED) in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for Software development.

A

DEFINED:
Standard processes to develop and maintain accessibility on an organizational level are documented and they are part of a unified, coherent(sammanhängande) approach. Processes are modified as needed to increase efficiency.

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12
Q

Explain the organization when they are in the fourth level (MANAGED) in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for Software development.

A

MANAGED:
Well-defined, measurable goals are established for products and processes.

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13
Q

Explain the organization when they are in the fifth level (OPTIMIZING) in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for Software development.

A

OPTIMIZING:
Weaknesses are identified and corrected, while effective solutions are replicated and transferred throughout the organization.

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14
Q

The Business Disability Forum developed the Accessibility Maturity Model to aid organizations in conducting a self-assessment to track and plan their accessibility progress. Describe the 10 commitments for good practice on accessible information and communications technology (ICT).

A
  1. Appoint an Executive Level Technology Champion who will report to the board, raise awareness (eldsjäl)
  2. Ensure that colleagues are aware of how technology can liberate the contribution of everyone (Kunskap om hur teknik kan vara till hjälp)
  3. We will routinely consult with disabled colleagues, customers and experts to ensure that we understand…
  4. Enable built in accessibility to allow reasonable personalization
  5. Provide usable technology solutions for disabled colleagues, within a reasonable timeframe.
  6. We will give our relevant teams the accessibility know-how needed
  7. Use the Accessibility Maturity Model. We will consistently go beyond minimum compliance to bring greater benefits to our business and share best practices with others.
  8. We will promote a development lifecycle for our technology solutions that is based on inclusive design from definition to delivery, to minimize the cost and reputational risk triggered by retrofitting products and systems.
  9. We will include accessibility as a key requirement within our procurement(upphandling) process and build relationships with supply partners to develop and deliver accessible products and services.
  10. We will continuously improve accessibility within our organization, document what works and share our learning with the Technology Taskforce.
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15
Q

Accessibility is a Process Management Challenge, Not Just a Technical Challenge. Organizations need to permanently embed accessibility into the process of… (name 3 work areas).

A

Design, development, and testing

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16
Q

One way to summarize the overall web development process could be with these 3 part:

A

Plan, Create, Test.

17
Q

When retrofitting design/components, what task should you consider (3 tasks)?

A
  • Create an inventory of everything that needs to be assessed for accessibility
  • Asses/estimate the item in the inventory, or assess a representative sample of the inventory, if the inventory is large
  • Prioritize the accessibility fixes that need to be done

Once you know the size of the inventory and the depth of the accessibility problems, you will have a pretty good idea of the scope of the retrofitting project.

18
Q

How/when could you use automated software to scan de accessibility of the site?

A

If you’re working on a web site, you may want to set up automated software, such as axe Monitor opens in a new window to scan through the site on a regular basis and produce reports. The software can identify new problems as they’re introduced.

If new problems are introduced regularly, this points to a larger problem in your process. (It’s good to find these problems before your yearly accessibility check, and look into why these problems occure)

19
Q

How much “Extra” time does accessibility add? (best-case scenario, Worst-case scenario)

A

Best-case scenario:
In a best-case scenario, with all the best processes in place, an expert team, and uncomplicated content, accessibility tasks might add only 1% to 5% to the overall development time.

Worst-case scenario:
The accessibility tasks might double or triple the original development time in those scenarios. Much of that time would be spent learning what accessible design means, training the team, setting up a good process, and fixing a lot of trial-and-error mistakes along the way.

20
Q

What could an Accessibility lead/coordinator do to help the organization?

A
  • Assign responsibilities
  • Helping to write design requirements
  • Provide technical expertise
  • Ensure a successful QA evaluation

This would be a full-time position, or possibly more than one full-time position (Both processes and technical expertise)

21
Q

Which roles in the organization need experience in accessibility?

A

-The executive team, planners, business analysts, product owners, project managers, and program managers

  • UX designers, information architects, UI designers, and graphic designers
  • Developers
  • QA Testers
  • Content writers
  • Multimedia creators
22
Q

What is good to know considering automated testing tools?

A
  • Automated tools like the aXe browser extension opens in a new window and can save quite a bit of time during the development and testing stages.
  • No automated tool can test everything — you still have to do some manual testing and testing with screen readers — but if you don’t use any automated tools, you’ll slow down the process.
23
Q

If you are going to test every possible user setting you will be testing a very long time.

What Technology Configurations (screen reader) could you test with and get very close to catch possible problems? (3 examples)

A
  • Firefox (current version) with NVDA
  • Internet Explorer (one version back) with JAWS
  • Safari on iOS (current version) with VoiceOver

This combination won’t catch every possible problem, but it will get you very close.

24
Q

How can Third Party Accessibility Consultants be helpful when you are starting to work with accessibility in web development context?

A
  • Evaluating existing web content
  • Filing accessibility bugs in your bug tracking system
  • Training your team
  • Working side-by-side with your developers
  • Consulting with management on accessibility process strategies
  • Creating accessible content
  • Fixing inaccessible content
25
Q

Accessibility software for testing, what can cost some and what can be free?

A
  • Free browser extensions like axe DevTools opens in a new window don’t add any cost
  • Enterprise-level applications like axe Monitor opens in a new window (which can scan entire web sites and produce comprehensive reports) are more expensive.
  • You may also need to invest in licenses of assistive technologies like JAWS or ZoomText.
26
Q

What should the QA team do?

A

Write tests based on the requirements written in the early planning phase.

The clearer the accessibility requirements, the clearer the tests will be, the greater the chance that the testing team will catch all of the important accessibility bugs.

The QA team needs to learn how to write very specific bug reports that explain the accessibility defects in ways that make sense to developers who may not be accessibility experts themselves.

27
Q

Describe how to work with user stories and accessibility.

A

User stories can be written into the design requirements. As an organization gets more mature in its accessibility efforts, many of these user stories can be recycled from one project to the next, because the accessibility needs remain constant, even though the implementation details vary from one design to the next.

You should write user stories for various kinds of disabilities.

28
Q

Describe how a User Story could be written for a Blind User; Labels on Form Input Fields

A

AS a blind screen reader user using the tab key to navigate the form fields,

I WANT my screen reader to read the label of a form input

SO THAT I know what the form input is for.

29
Q

Describe how a User Story could be written for a Low Vision User; Good Contrast on Text

A

AS a low vision user who has difficulty seeing low contrast text,

I WANT to be able to clearly distinguish the text from the background (with a contrast ratio that passes WCAG AA guidelines)

SO THAT I can read the text.

30
Q

Developers need to have clear guidance to know when they have succeeded in meeting the design goal.

How could you create an acceptance criteria for a Blind User; Labels on Form Input Fields

A

The form input has programmatically determinable text using one of the following methods:

  • Explicit label (<label>Name:</label> <input></input>)
    Implicit label (<label>Name: <input></input></label>)
  • aria-label or aria-labelledby (only under conditions where explicit or implicit labels won’t work
31
Q

What is one of the most valuable things you can do for quality assurance?

A

Have people with real disabilities test your web content.

Hire some blind QA talent who are expert screen reader users, or people with low vision, or people with other kinds of disabilities.

Recruiting and Integrating Employees with Disabilities

32
Q

What is a VPAT?

A

Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates

Is used in the United States to explain what parts pass the Section 508 accessibility guidelines and what parts are not.

The vendors can publish it, but there is no third-party quality control, so you should consider if it is reliable or not.

CPACC certification (21 decks)

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