Organizational culture and change

Question 1

Refers to a system of shared meaning (shared values, beliefs, and assumptions) held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations

Answer 1

Organizational culture

Question 2

Culture is…

Answer 2

Shared

Learned and Enduring

A Powerful Influence on Behaviour

Systematic and Organized

Largely Invisible

Question 3

Levels of culture

Answer 3

Artifacts

Beliefs

Values

Assumptions

Question 4

Visible aspect of culture

Answer 4

Artifacts

Question 5

Aspects of artifacts

Answer 5

Stories
Rituals
Material Symbols
Language

Question 6

Characteristics of organizational culture (7)

Answer 6

Innovation and risk-taking
Attention to detail
Outcome Orientation
People Orientation
Team Orientation
Aggressiveness
Stability

Question 7

Expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization’s members.

Answer 7

Dominant culture

Question 8

Tend to develop in large organizations to reflect common problems, situations, or experiences that members face.

Answer 8

Subcultures

Question 9

Three aspects of sustaining culture

Answer 9

Top Management
Selection
Socialization

Question 10

Socialization model stages

Answer 10

Pre-arrival
Encounter
Metamorphosis

Question 11

Outcomes of socialization

Answer 11

Productivity
Commitment
Turnover

Question 12

Liabilities of Organizational culture

Answer 12

Barrier to change
Barrier to diversity
Barrier to mergers and acquisitions

Question 13

Strategies for merging culture

Answer 13

Assimilation
Separation
Integration

Question 14

Key step before a merger

Answer 14

Bicultural audit

Question 15

Forces for change

Answer 15

Nature of the workforce
Technology
Economic shocks
Competition
Social trends
World Politics

Question 16

Organizational targets for change (8)

Answer 16

Purpose

Technology

Structure

Tasks

People

Culture

Strategy

Objective

Question 17

People who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing change activities.

Answer 17

Change Agents

Question 18

Lewin’s three step model

Answer 18

Unfreezing
Moving
Refreezing

Question 19

How can unfreezing culture happen?

Answer 19

1. Driving forces increased
2. Restraining forces (forces of stability) decreased
3. Combination

Question 20

Kotter’s top down approach stages (8)

Answer 20

1. Increase urgency
2. Build guiding team
3. Get the vision right
4. Communicate for buy-in
5. Empower action
6. Create short-term wins
7. Don’t let up
8. Make change stick

Question 21

A change process based on the systematic collection of data and then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate.

Answer 21

Action Research

Question 22

Process of action research

Answer 22

Diagnosis 
Analysis
Feedback
Action
Evaluation

Question 23

An approach to change that seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization, which can then be built on to improve performance.

Answer 23

Appreciative Inquiry

Question 24

Steps of appreciative inquiry (4 d’s)

Answer 24

Discovery- finding best of what is

Dreaming- visualizing what might be

Design- designing what should be

Destiny- implementing what will be

Question 25

Why people resist change

Answer 25

1. Direct costs 2. Saving face 3. Fear of unknown 4. Breaking routines 5. Incongruent organizational systems (reinforce status quo) 6. Incongruent team dynamics

Question 26

Six major sources of resistance

Answer 26

Structure inertia Limited focus of change Group inertia Threat to expertise Threat to established power relationships Threat to established resource allocations

Question 27

Overcoming resistance to change (8)

Answer 27

Education and communication Participation and involvement Building support and commitment Developing positive relationships Implementing changes fairly Manipulation and co-optation Selecting people who accept change Explicit and implicit coercion

Question 28

Organizations can embrace change by transforming their cultures through two approaches

Answer 28

Simulating innovation Creating a learning organization

Question 29

Sources of innovation

Answer 29

Structural variables Cultures Human resource

Question 30

An organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change

Answer 30

Learning organization

Question 31

Errors are corrected using past routines and present policies

Answer 31

Single-loop learning

Question 32

Errors are corrected by modifying the organization's objectives, policies and standard routines

Answer 32

Double-loop learning

Question 33

3 problems of traditional organizations

Answer 33

1. Fragmentation 2. Competition 3. Reactiveness