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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Organization of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neural Circuits: Definition of Cellular Connectionism

A

Individual neurons are the signaling units of the brain; they are generally arranged in functional groups, and connect to one another in a precise fashion

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2
Q

Neural Circuits: Principles

Dynamic Polarization

A

Unidirectional flow of electrical signals within neurons

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3
Q

Neural Circuits: Principles

Connectional Specificity

A

Each cell makes SPECIFIC connections

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4
Q

Neural Circuits: what are the 3 basic constituents of a neural circuit?

A

Sensory (input), interneurons, motor neurons (output)

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5
Q

Myotactic Spinal Reflex (Knee Jerk Reflex) Steps

A

1) Hammer tap stretches the patellar ligament, which, in turn, stretches sensory receptors in the quadriceps femoris
2) In the spinal cord, the sensory neuron synapses with and excites the motor neuron to the quadriceps femoris. the sensory neuron also synapses with and excites an interneuron. the interneuron synapses with and inhibits the motor neuron to the knee flexor muscles (hamstrings)
3) The motor neuron conducts action potential to synapses on quadriceps femoris, causing contraction. The knee flexor muscles relax because the activity of their motor neurons is inhibited.
4) This produces knee extension.

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6
Q

Neural Circuits: Pattern of Connections

Divergence

A

One neuron activates many target cells.

This is common in the input stages of the nervous system

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7
Q

Neural Circuits: Pattern of Connections

Convergence

A

One neuron recieves input from many cells.

This is common in the output stages of the nervous system

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8
Q

Neural Circuits: Inhibition

Feed Forward

A

Enhances the effect of the active pathway by supressing the activity of other, opposing pathways.

Example: Myotactic reflex

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9
Q

Neural Circuits: Inhibition

Feedback

A

This is a self-regulating mechanism. The effect is to dampen activity within the stimulated pathway and prevent it from exceeding a certain critical maximum

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10
Q

Anatomical divisions of the Neural System: CNS

A

Brain, Spinal Cord

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11
Q

Anatomical divisions of the Neural System: PNS

A

Ganglia, Nerves (nerves are composed of AXONS within their connective tissue sheaths)

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12
Q

Anatomical divisions of the Nervous System: Combined

A

PNS contains sensory (afferent) neurons that receive and transmit information from the environment to the CNS

Information is processed in the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

PNS - motor (efferent) neurons receive and transmit information from the CNS to the periphery

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13
Q

Functional Systems of the Nervous System: 5 organizing principles

A

1) Each functional system involves several brain regions that carry out different types of information processing.
2) Identifiable pathways link the components of a functional system.
3) Each part of the brain projects in an orderly fashion onto the next, thereby creating topographical maps 9homunculus)
4) Functional systems are hierarchically organized
5) Functional systems on one side of the brain control the other side of the body

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14
Q

General Functional Systems: Sensory

A

Acquire and process information from the environment (either internal or external)

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15
Q

General Functional Systems: Motor

A

Respond to information from the environment by generating movements and other behavior

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16
Q

General Functional Systems: Association (aka Modulatory)

A

These areas lie between the relatively well -defined input and output systems.

They mediate the most complex and least well-characterized brain functions, loosely referred to as Cognition.

Interpretation and integration of signals

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17
Q

General Functional Systems: Association (aka Modulatory)

What is Cognition?

A

Cognition refers to the ability to attend to external stimuli or internal motivation; to identify the significance of such stimuli, and to make appropriate responses.

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18
Q

Components of the CNS: Brain

Overall Structure

A

The brain is the rostral part of the CNS (towards the nose)

It is bilateral and essentially symmetrical; has 7 main parts.

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19
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Forebrain

Part: Telencephalon (cerebrum)

What parts does this include?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia (deep to cortex), hippocampus (related to memory), and amygdaloid (related to emotion and drive related behaviors.)

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20
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Forebrain

Part: Telencephalon (cerebrum)

Where is it located?

A

Largest and most superior part of the brain.

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21
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Forebrain

Part: Telencephalon (cerebrum)

What is its function?

A

Perceptual (sensory), motor, and cognitive functions

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22
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Forebrain

Part: Diencephalon

What parts does this include?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus (there are other parts but these are our focus.

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23
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Forebrain

Part: Diencephalon

Where is it located?

A

Surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres superior to the midbrain

Underlying cerebral cortex is the basal ganglia; spinal cord comes down below, and between the brain stem and the basal ganglia/cerebral cortex is the thalamus.

24
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Forebrain

Part: Diencephalon

What is its function?

A

Processes most of the information reaching the cortex (all sensory goes through the thalamus except olfactory)

The hypothalamus regulates autonomic and endocrine function.

25
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Midbrain

Where is it located?

A

Inferior to the diencephalon and superior to the pons.

26
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Midbrain

What is its function?

A

Controls sensory and motor functions such as eye movement, and the coordination of audio and visual reflexes

27
Q

Components of the CNS Preview

What parts of the brain make up the brainstem?
What comes from the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla

Cranial nerves; all pathways to the brain must pass through the brainstem.

28
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Hindbrain

Part: Cerebellum

Where is it located?

A

Posterior to the Pons

29
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Hindbrain

Part: Cerebellum

What is its function?

A

Modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.

30
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Hindbrain

Part: Pons

Where is it located?

A

Inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla.

31
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Hindbrain

Part: Pons

What is its function?

A

Relays information about movement and sensation from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.

Involved in respiration, taste, and sleep.

32
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Hindbrain

Part: Medulla

Where is it located?

A

Most inferior part, beneath the pons, superior to the spinal cord.

33
Q

Components of the CNS Preview: Brain - Hindbrain

Part: Medulla

What is its function?

A

Responsible for several vital autonomic functions.

34
Q

Components of the CNS: Spinal Cord

Location, function

A

It is the most caudal (towards the tail) Part of the CNS

Function: receives and processes sensory information from the extremities, trunk, and viscera and controls movement of the extremities, trunk and viscera.

35
Q

Classification of groups of Neurons: Gray Matter

Definition

A

Gray Matter contains NEURONAL CELL BODIES, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells. Types of cells vary by region.

36
Q

Classification of groups of Neurons: Gray Matter

Gray Matter in the Brain

A

Occupies the superficial outer layer and some deeper regions. Constitutes the cortex and the nuclei (aka basal ganglia) respectively.

Cell bodies are arranged in layers that may be called a layer, lamina, or striatum. (there are 6 layers in the cerebral cortex)

37
Q

Classification of groups of Neurons: Gray Matter

Gray Matter in the Spinal Cord

A

Occupies the central H shaped region.

Constitutes the nuclei of the dorsal and ventral horns.

Longitudinal groups of functionally related cell bodies may be called columns and/or Rexed’s lamina

38
Q

Classification of groups of Neurons: White Matter

Definition

A

Contains myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes

Functionally related axons constitute the lemnisci, funiculi, fasciculi, and tracts (these are all terms used to designate white matter)

39
Q

Classification of groups of Neurons: White Matter

White Matter in the Brain

A

Occupies the deeper regions (deep tot he cortex)

40
Q

Classification of groups of Neurons: White Matter

White Matter in the Spinal Cord

A

Occupies the peripheral region

41
Q

Surface Coverings: Meninges

Function

A

Encase the brain and the spinal cord

42
Q

Surface Coverings: Meninges

Dura Mater

A

It is the outermost layer

It is a sheath of dense CT

It is continuous with the periosteum in the skull, but separated from the vertebrae in the spine by the epidural space.

It is separated from the arachnoid mater by the subdural space.

43
Q

Surface Coverings: Meninges

Arachnoid Mater

A

It is the middle layer

It is a cellular layer in contact with the dura mater and a system of trabeculae connected to the pia mater.

the cavities between the trabeculae form the subarachnoid space and are filled with CSF

44
Q

Surface Coverings: Meninges

Pia Mater

A

Innermost layer

Sheath of loose CT lying directly on the surface of the nervous tissue (can’t really be pulled away from nervous tissue except at specializations such as denticulate ligament and filum terminale).

45
Q

Functional Subdivisions of the PNS: Somatic

A

Composed of neural elements associated with the body wall and extremities (i.e. skin, skeletal muscles, and joints)

46
Q

Functional Subdivisions of the PNS: Autonomic

A

Composed of neural elements associated with the internal organs or viscera (i.e. cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular epithelium.

47
Q

Functional Subdivisions of the PNS: Somatic AND Autonomic

Functional Features

A

BOTH systems transmit afferent and efferent information

These systems are ANATOMICALLY distinct from the CNS, but they are functionally intertwined with it.

48
Q

Components of the PNS: Components

What are the components of the PNS?

A

Ganglia and Nerves

49
Q

Components of the PNS: Ganglia

What are ganglia?

A

Ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and glial cells, supported by connective tissue.

Examples of ganglia: dorsal root ganglia, paravertebral ganglia, prevertebral ganglia, ternimal ganglia

50
Q

Components of the PNS: Ganglia

Sensory (Somatic and Visceral)

A

Associated with the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves and cranial nerves 5,7,8,9,10

Contain the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons

51
Q

Components of the PNS: Ganglia

Motor (Visceral)

A

These are the sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia (paravertebral, prevertebral, terminal)

52
Q

Components of the PNS: Nerves

What is a nerve?

A

A collection of axons with associated Schwann cells with connective tissue coverings

53
Q

Components of the PNS: Nerves

How are nerves classified?

A

They are classified according to the functional components of their neurons.

Spinal nerves - 31 pairs that can contain GSE, GVE, GSA, and GVA neurons

Cranial Nerves - 12 pairs that can contain GSE, GVE, SVE, GSA, GVA, SSA, SVA neurons

54
Q

Components of the PNS: Surface coverings of Nerves

Epineurim

A

Sheath of dense CT that surrounds the ENTIRE nerve

There is a rich vascular supply within the CT sheaths

55
Q

Components of the PNS: Surface coverings of Nerves

Perineurium

A

Sheath of dense CT that surrounds bundles of nerve fibers (myelinated axons) called FASCICLES

56
Q

Components of the PNS: Surface coverings of Nerves

Endoneurium

A

Delicate layer of loose CT that surrounds individual nerve fibers

Neuroscience Exam 1 (10 decks)

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