Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards
Terms of relationship and comparisson:
What are they in the CNS and why are they different in the CNS than in the rest of the body?
They are varied in the CNS because in development, the long axis of the CNS is bent
Therefore, intsead of A/P, A/I which refer to the long axis that is straight, we use:
Rostral - towards the nose
Caudal - towards the tail
Dorsal - nearer to the TOP
Ventral - nearer to the BOTTOM
Medial - nearer to the median plane
Lateral - nearer to the lateral plane
Telencephalon: overall structure description
Aka Cerebrum
Consists of 2 large hemispheres separated from each other by a deep, longitudinal cerebral fissure.
Telencephalon: what structures make up the telencephalon?
Cerebral Cortex Subcortical White Matter Basal Ganglia (nuclei) Hippocampus Amygdaloid (nucleus)
Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex
Where is it?
It is the outer surface of the brain.
Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex
How is it organized?
It is composed of 6 horizontal layers of neuron cell bodies that are further organized in a vertical arrangement, forming columns. These areas are subdivided based on cytoarchitectural features (meaning differences in the neurons they are made up of) and are called Brodmann’s Areas. These areas are structurally different, and it therefore follow that they are functionally different.
Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex
What characterizes its physical appearance?
Characterized by gyri or crests of cortical tissue, andy by sulci, which are grooves that divide the gyri from one another.
Though it appears symmetrical externally, it is not completely symmetrical in structure, and it is not symmetrically equivalent in function.
Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex
Major Sulci - What are they, how do they divide the cortex?
The major sulci divide the cortex into 4 lobes.
They are imaginary lines connecting certain sulci, and connecting certain sulci with the preoccipital notch to help demarcate the lobes.
Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex
Major sulci - name the 5 major sulci and state which view they can be seen in
Central aka Rolandic - lateral Lateral aka Sylvia - lateral Parieto-occipital - lateral and medial Cingulate - medial Collateral - medial
Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex
How are the lobes named?
Lobes are named for the overlying cranial bones.
Frontal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Primary somatomotor cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Aka primary motor cortex, M1, Brodmann’s area 4
Location: Precentral gyrus, anterior paracentral gyrus
Function: executing movement
**Motor Homunculus applies here. We have more fine motor control in the areas that are depicted larger and therefore more cortex is devoted to those areas.
Frontal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Premotor Areas
Areas it includes
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Includes:
1) premotor and supplementary motor areas
2) frontal eye fields
Other names:
1) M2, Brodmann’s area 6
2) Brodmann’ area 8
Location: Rostral to the precentral gyrus and the anterior paracentral gyrus; rostral to primaty somatomotor
Function: Planning movement
Frontal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Broca’s Area
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45
Location:
Usually in the left hemisphere
inferior frontal gyrus - pars opercularis and pars triangularis
Function:
Production of language
Frontal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Prefrontal Cortex
Nomenclature
Divisions
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
Frontal association cortex
**Anterior multimodal association cortex
Brodmann’s areas 9-12 and 45-47
Divisions:
Lateral
Medial
Orbitofrontal
Location:
Rostral to the promotor areas
Makes up most of the rostral cortex
Function:
Intention: Sensory integration and selection of appropriate motor responses
cognition
receives all the information from the posterior multimodal area
Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
aka Primary Sensory Cortex
S1
Brodmann’s areas 1,2,3
Location:
Postcentral gyrus, posterior paracentral gyrus
Function:
Somatosensory perception
**Sensory Homunculus - the areas where we have to most receptors are depicted the largest because those areas have a larger amount of cortex dedicated to them.
Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
aka S2
Location:
Superior bank of the lateral fissure
Function:
Unimodal - an associational area where sensory input is INTERPRETED (somatosensory interpretation)
Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Wernicke’s Area
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
aka Brodmann’s areas 39 and 40
Location:
Usually in the Left Hemisphere
Supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus (at the end of the lateral fissure)
Function:
COMPREHENSION of language
Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Posterior Parietal Cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
Aka Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7
Location:
Superior Parietal Lobule
Function;
Somatosensory interpretation AND integration (submodalities, vision) - right next to the multimodal association cortex so it shares its function
Plays a role in spatial vision - showing selectivity for direction and speed of movement rather than size, shape, etc.
Parietal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
aka Posterior multimodal association cortex
Brodmann’s areas 37, 39, 40
Location:
Junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
Function:
Somatic, visual, and auditory sensation integration.
Mediates attention and recognition
Temporal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Primary Auditory Cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
Aka A1
Brodmann’s area 41
Location:
Transverse temporal gyri
Function:
Auditory perception
Temporal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Secondary Auditory Cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
aka A2
Auditory Association Cortex
Brodmann’s area 22
Location:
Superior temporal gyrus
Function:
Auditory interpretation
Temporal Lobe: General Functional Areas
Wernicke’s area
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
aka Brodmann’s area 22
Location:
Straddles the parietal and temporal regions
Usually located in the Left hemisphere
Superior temporal gyrus (temporal lobe)
Function:
Comprehension of language
Occipital Lobe: General Functional Areas
Primary Visual Cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature:
aka V1
Striate Cortex
Brodmann’s area 17
Location:
Cuneus
Lingual Gyrus
Function:
Visual Perception
Occipital Lobe: General Functional Areas
Secondary Visual Cortex
Nomenclature
Location
Function
Nomenclature: aka V2 - V5 Extrastriate cortex Visual association cortex Brodmann's areas 18-21, 37
Location:
Very large
Occipital Gyri
Includes middle and medial superior temporal area (located in the occipital and parietal lobes) and inferior temporal cortex)
Function:
Visual interpretation
General Functional Areas: Frontal Lobe
What general functional areas are in the frontal lobe?
Primary Somatomotor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Broca’s Area
Pre-frontal Cortex
General Functional Areas: Parietal Lobe
What general functional areas are in the parietal lobe?
Primary Somatosensory Cortex Secondary Somatosensory Cortex Wernicke's Area Posterior Parietal Cortex Parietal-Temporal-Occipial Cortex
General Functional Areas: Temporal Lobe
What general functional areas are in the temporal lobe?
Primary Auditory Cortex
Secondary Auditory Cortex
Wernicke’s Area
Parietal-Temporal-Occipial Cortex
General Functional Areas: Occipital Lobe
What general functional areas are in the occipital lobe?
Primary Visual Cortex
Secondary Visual Cortex
Parietal-Temporal-Occipial Cortex
Regions: Insula
Location?
Deep Inside the Lateral Fissure
