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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Neuroanatomy 2 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstem: Location

What is it continuous with rostrally and caudally?

A

Continuous rostrally with the diencephalon and caudally with the spinal cord

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2
Q

Brainstem: Location

Structural features

A

characterized by bumps and bulges formed by the underlying gray matter (nuclei) and white matter (tracts, fasciculi, and lemnisci

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3
Q

Brainstem: Location

What regions/structures does it include?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. All of the regions share a basic organization.

Most of the cranial nerves attach to the brainstem except for CNI which attaches to the telencephalon and CNII which attaches to the diencephalon.

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4
Q

Brainstem: Internal Anatomy

What are the internal regions of the brainstem?

A

Tegmental area, basilar area

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5
Q

Brainstem: Internal Anatomy

Tegmental Area - Location and Contents

A

The tegmental area is the central core of the midbrain and pons, and is continuous with a comparable area of the medulla.

It is located dorsal to the basilar area

It contains nuclei and primarily sensory (ascending) tracts

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6
Q

Brainstem: Internal Anatomy

Basilar Area - Location and Contents

A

The basilar area is the ventral region of the midbrain and pons and is continuous with a comparable area of the medulla.

It is located ventral to the tegmental area.

It contains nuclei and primarily motor (descending) tracts

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7
Q

Brainstem: Cranial Nerve Nuclei

How are the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem classified?

A

They are classified according to the functional components of the entering or exiting cranial nerve neurons. A nucleus can only have axons that have the same functional component.

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8
Q

Brainstem: Cranial Nerve Nuclei

What is their medial-lateral organization?

A

Sensory (afferent) nuclei are located laterally and motor (efferent) nuclei are located medially.

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9
Q

Brainstem: Cranial Nerve Nuclei

What is their rostral-caudal organization?

A

Reflects the rostral caudal organization of the head and neck structures. Therefore, the cranial nerve nuclei associated with the lower number CNs will be higher, and with the higher number CNs will be lower based on where those nerves exit the brainstem.

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10
Q

Brainstem: Cranial Nerve Nuclei

What CN nuclei are in the midbrain and what functional components are they associated with?

A

GSE: Occulomotor nucleus, troclear nucleus

GVE: edinger Westphal Nucleus

GSA: Trigenimal sensory, mesencephalic

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11
Q

Brainstem: Cranial Nerve Nuclei

What CN nuclei are in the pons and what functional components are they associated with?

A

GSE: Abducens

GVE: Superior Salivatory, Inferior Salivatory

SVE: trigeminal motor, facial

GSA: trigeminal sensory principal nucleus

SSA: Vestibular, cochlear

GVA/SVA: Nucleus of the solitary Tract

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12
Q

Brainstem: Cranial Nerve Nuclei

What CN nuclei are in the medulla and what functional components are they associated with?

A

GSE: spinal accessory, hypoglossal

GVE: dorsal motor, nucleus ambiguus

SVE: Nucleus Ambiguus

GSA: Trigeminal sensory spinal nucleus

SSA: Vestibular, cochlear

GVA/SVA: Nucleus of the solitary tract

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13
Q

Brainstem: Additional Nuclei

What other types of nuclei are there in the brainstem?

A

Sensory, Motor, Modulatory

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14
Q

Brainstem: White Matter

Tracts - how are they named?

A

Tracts are usually named for where they originate and where they terminate.

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15
Q

Brainstem: White Matter

Tracts - What 3 types of tracts can be found in the brainstem?

A

Sensory, Motor, Modulatory

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16
Q

Brainstem: White Matter

Tracts - Sensory (ascending) tract

A

The sensory tracts are located more dorsally in the tegmental region.

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17
Q

Brainstem: White Matter

Tracts - Motor (descendin) tract

A

The motor tracts are located more ventrally in the basilar region

18
Q

Brainstem: White Matter

Tracts - Modulatory

A

These tracts carry associational information and have information from many systems coming together.

19
Q

Brainstem: Functions

A

1) The brainstem has a crucial relationship with the cranial nerves. It serves as a target or source for the cranial nerves that deal primarily with sensory and motor function in the head and neck.
2) Provides a throughway for all for all of the ascending sensory tracts, descending motor tracts, and local pathways
3) Involved in integrative (or modulatory) functions such as complex motor patterns, maintenance of homeostasis, and regulating the level of alertness.

20
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNI

Name
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Olfactory

Brain Exit: Telencephalon

Foramen: Cribiform plate

Functional Components: SVA

Distribution: Smell

Associated Nuclei: none

21
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNII

Name
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Optic

Brain Exit: Diencephalon

Foramen: Optic Canal

Functional Components: SSA

Distribution: Vision

Associated Nuclei: none

22
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNIII

A

Name: Occulomotor

Brain Exit: Midbrain-pons junction

Foramen: Superior orbital fissure

Functional Components: GSE, GVE

Distribution:
GSE: Extraoccular muscles except SO4, LR6
GVE: Sphincter pupilae, cilliary muscles

Associated Nuclei:
GSE: Occulomotor
GVE: Edinger-Westphal

23
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNIV

Name
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Trochlear

Brain Exit: Midbrain-pons junction (DORSAL side)

Foramen: Superior orbital fissure

Functional Components: GSE

Distribution: Superior Oblique muscle of the orbit

Associated Nuclei: trochlear

24
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNV

Name (3 parts)
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Trigeminal Nerve - ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular divisions

Brain Exit: Basilar pons

Foramen:

1) Superior Orbital Fissure
2) Foramen Rotundum
3) Foramen Ovale

Functional Components: SVE, GSA

Distribution:
SVE: Muscles of mastication
GSA: Skin of the anterior Scalp and face

Associated Nuclei
SVE: Trigeminal: Motor Nucleus
GSA: Trigeminal: Sensory (Mesencephalic, Principle, and Spinal) Nucleus

25
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNVI

Name 
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Abducens

Brain Exit: Pons-Medulla Junction

Foramen: Superior Orbital Fissure

Functional Components: GSE

Distribution: Lateral Rectus muscle of the orbit

Associated Nuclei: Abducens Nucleus

26
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNVII

Name 
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Facial

Brain Exit: Pons-Medulla Junction

Foramen: Internal Acoustic Meatus, through the Facial Canal, and out the Stylomastoid foramen

Functional Components: 
SVE
GVE
GSA
SVA
Distribution:
SVE: Muscles of Facial Expression
GVE: [parasympathetic]
GSA: [skin external ear]
SVA: taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Associated Nuclei: 
SVE: Facial Nucleus
GVE: Superior Salivatory Nucleus
GSA: Trigeminal: Sensory (Mesencephalic, Principle, and Spinal) Nucleus
SVA: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
27
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNVIII

Name 
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Vestibulocochlear

Brain Exit: Pons-Medulla Junction

Foramen: Jugular Foramen

Functional Components:
SSA

Distribution: Hearing and balance

Associated Nuclei: Vestibular nuclei, cochlear nuclei

28
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNIX

Name 
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Glossopharyngeal

Brain Exit:
Medulla - post-olivary sulcus

Foramen:
Jugular Foramen

Functional Components:
SVE 
GVE
GSA
GVA
SVA

Distribution:
SVE
GVE: [parasympathetic output]
GSA: sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and skin of the external ear
GVA: Carotid body and sinus**
SVA: Taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Associated Nuclei:
SVE: Nucleus Ambiguus
GVE: Inferior Salivatory Nucleus
GSA: Trigeminal: Sensory (Mesencephalic, Principle, and Spinal) Nucleus
GVA: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
SVA: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
29
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNX

Name 
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Vagus

Brain Exit: Medulla - Post-olivary sulcus

Foramen: Jugular Foramen

Functional Components: 
SVE
GVE
GSA
GVA
SVA

Distribution
SVE: Muscles of the larynx
GVE: Parasympathetic innervation of everything down to the L colic flexure
GSA: posterior 1/3 of the tongue, skin of the external ear
GVA: aortic chemo and baro receptors
SVA: Taste:

Associated Nuclei
SVE: Nucleus Ambiguus
GVE: Dorsal Motor Nucleus, Nucleus Ambiguus
GSA: Trigeminal: Sensory (Mesencephalic, Principle, and Spinal) Nucleus
GVA: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
SVA: Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

30
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNXI

Name 
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Spinal Accessory

Brain Exit: Medulla- Post-olivary sulcus

Foramen: Jugular foramen

Functional Components: GSE

Distribution: SCM and Traps

Associated Nuclei: Spinal accessory nuclei

31
Q

Cranial Nerves: CNXII

Name 
Brain Exit
Foramen
Functional Components
Distribution
Associated Nuclei
A

Name: Hypoglossal Nerve

Brain Exit: Medulla - pre-olivary Sulcus

Foramen: Hypoglossal canal

Functional Components: GSE

Distribution: Muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus

Associated Nuclei: hypoglossal nucleus

32
Q

Cerebellum: Location, components

A

Dorsal to the pons and inferior to the occipital lobe, filling most of the posterior cranial fossa.

Similar to the cerebrum, it includes the cerebellar cortex, white matter, and deep nuclei

33
Q

Cerebellum: External Structure

Cerebellar cortex

A

This is the outer surface, composed of horizontal layers of neuronal cell bodies.

It is characterized by ridges and valleys of cortical tissue called folia.

34
Q

Cerebellum: External Structure

Fissures

A

Primary fissure - seen superiorly, divides andterior and posterior lobes

Posterolateral - seen inferiorly; divides posterior and flocculonodular lobes

35
Q

Cerebellum: External Structure

What are the three lobes?

A

Anterior, Posterior, Flocculonodular

36
Q

Cerebellum: External Structure

Peduncles - names, function

A

Names: Superior, middle, and inferior peduncles

These three pairs of tracts attach the cerebellum to the brain stem.

superior - primarily carries output form the cerebellum
middle - exclusively carries input to the cerebellum
inferior - primarily carries input to the cerebellum

37
Q

Cerebellum: Internal Structure

Cerebellar nuclei - where are they located? what are the composed of?

A

They are located in the white matter core of each hemisphere.

They are composed of aggregations of neuron cell bodies

38
Q

Cerebellum: Internal Structure

Name the cerebellar nuclei

A

Fastigial - most medial
Interposed: includes globose and emboliform - these are intermediate
Dentate - most lateral

39
Q

Cerebellum: Function

How many functional divisions are there in the cerebellum?

A

Three

40
Q

Cerebellum: Function

Vestibulocerebellum - Location and function

A

Location: Flocculonodular lobe
function: regulation of balance and eye movements

41
Q

Cerebellum: Function

Spinocerebellum - Location and function

A

Location: Vermis and intermediate region
Function: regulation of body and limb movement

42
Q

Cerebellum: Function

Cerebrocerebellum - Location and function

A

Location: Lateral region
Function: evaluating sensory information and planning movement

Neuroscience Exam 1 (10 decks)

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