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Foundations 511 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe dendrites

A

-collect electric signals
-have ion channels

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2
Q

What is a cell body

A

-integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signal to an axon

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the axon

A

-passes electrical signals to dendrites of another cell

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4
Q

What is the CNS

A

-brain and spinal cord
-integrates, processess and coordinates sensory data and motor commands

-where higher functions lie
->intelligence
->memory
->learning
->emotions

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5
Q

What is the PNS

A

-carries sensory information from receptors to the CNS
->afferent

-carries motor commands from the CNS to the periphary

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6
Q

Describe the brain in terms of the CNS? What are the three major parts

A

-cerebrum, brainstem, cerebullum(little brain)

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7
Q

How is the PNS divided into nerves

A

-31 pairs of spinal nerves
-12 pairs of cranial nerves

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8
Q

What is the term for a collection of axons for CNS vs PNS

A

-CNS is a tract
-PNS are nerves

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9
Q

How is the CNS protected

A

-it is protected by:

-bone encases the brain

-meninges
->dura(thickest meninges) and wraps the brain
->arachnoid matter is in the middle(you can see blood vessels through it)
->pia matter is closest to the cerebral cortex

-cerebral spinal fluid in between arachnoid and pia matter
->CSF runs all around the brain

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10
Q

Is there space between dura, skull and arachonoid matter

A

-no

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11
Q

Describe the arachnoid matter

A

-sealed in epithelial tissue
-if you are touching blood vessels, you know you are touching the arachnoid matter

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12
Q

What are gyri or gyrus

A

-the lumps on the brain

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13
Q

What are valleys in between gyri

A

-sulcus or sulci

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14
Q

What happens as you grow up from being a new born to an adult

A

-increased folds
->increased surface area as a result
->more cortical tissue added as a result

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15
Q

What is a major sulci in the brain

A

-the central sulcus
->divides the brain into its lobes
->a border

-divides the precentral gyrus(primary motor cortex) and the post central gyrus(primary somatosensory cortex)

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16
Q

What is a fissure

A

-a bigger sulcus
->an example is the lateral(sylviian) fissure
->also helps you find the lobes of the brain

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17
Q

Where is the precentral gyrus

A

-it is in the frontal lobe

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18
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus

A

-it is in the parietal lobe

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19
Q

What are features of the frontal lobe

A

-thinking, planning, personality
-motor planning
->frontal lobe is the motor coordinating part of the brain

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20
Q

What are the features of the parietal lobe

A

-it deals with sensation, association, perception
->parietal lobe interprets sensations

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21
Q

What are the features of the occipital lobe

A

-it is for vision

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22
Q

What are the features of the temporal lobe

A

-auditory cortex, learning and memory

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23
Q

What does more innervation for a tissue mean for cortical space

A

-more innervation-increased cortical space

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24
Q

What is the grey matter

A

-cortex

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25
Q

What is the white matter

A

-medulla

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26
Q

Where do cortical neuronal cell bodies reside in

A

-they reside in the cortex(gray matter)
->they are not mylienated

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27
Q

Where do axons of cell bodies extend into?

A

-they extend into the medulla
->they are mylienated in most cases

28
Q

What is a short association fiber

A

-it goes from one gyrus to another

29
Q

What are long association fibers

A

-staying in the same side of the hemisphere
->they can go from one lobe of the brain to another

-an example would be limbic system

30
Q

What is a commissural fibers

A

-axons that crosses into another side of the brain hemisphere
-communication between the different sides of the brain

31
Q

What are projection fibers

A

-go down from brain to spinal cord or brain stem

32
Q

Is spinal cord encased in bone

A

-yes

33
Q

Describe the grey matter of the spinal cord

A

-central canal for the CSF
-Dorsal horn
->receives sensory information from the periphary nervous system
-ventral horn
->motor commands to motor neurons

34
Q

What surrounds the grey matter of the spinal cord

A

-mylienated axons

35
Q

Where in the brain do cranial nerves come off

A

-brain stem

36
Q

Where do spinal nerves come off

A

-they come off the vertebrae

37
Q

How many cervical vertebrae and neurons

A

-7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical neurons

38
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae and nerves

A

-12

39
Q

How many lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae and nerves

A

-Lumbar(5)
-Sacral(5)
-Coccygeal(1)

40
Q

What is the plexus

A

-bunch of spinal nerves that intermix with each other

41
Q

Where do bunch of spinal nerves that don’t intermix

A

-segmental
->T2-T12

42
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons found

A

-in the dorsal root ganglion of the PNS

43
Q

Does the spinal cord have dorsal sensory and ventral motor

A

-yes

44
Q

Are the motor roots in the CNS or PNS

A

-CNS
-the sensory roots are in the opposite, or the PNS

45
Q

What is the dorsal ramus and the ventral ramus

A

-the dorsal innervates the back of the body, while the ventral innervates the front of the body

-they both have motor, sensory and autonomic nerves

46
Q

What is the dermatome

A

-band of skin with its own sensory innervation

47
Q

Describe the 5 landmark dermatomes

A

-T2=sternal angle
-T4=nipple
-T7=xiphoid
-T10=umbilicus
-L1=suprapubic

-the dermatomes in between those landmarks can be filled in

48
Q

What does the somatic nerves innervate

A

-skin, muscle, bone of body wall
-parietal membranes(pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

49
Q

Why is the T7 spinal nerve important

A

-because that is where the dorsal primary and ventral primary ramus seperates
-dorsal primary goes to pravertebral muscles
-the ventral primary ramus goes to skeletal muscle such as intercostal muscles or abdominal muscles

50
Q

Where does the sensory afferent travels

A

-it travels via visceral afferent fibres
-there are other ones specific for pain sensation

51
Q

Where in the spinal cord is the sympathetic nervous system housed

A

-thoracolumbar outflow

52
Q

Where is the parasympathetic nervous system housed

A

-craniosacral outflow

53
Q

Does the sympathetic nervous system go to the skin at all levels?

A

-yes

-sweat glands, skin, shivers

54
Q

Does skin have pharasympathetic

A

-no

55
Q

Are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system two cell body systems

A

-yes
->both have preganglionic and postganglionic cell bodies

-para has a longer preganglionic axon, while it is the opposite for the sympathetic

56
Q

Is visceral afferents associated with sympathetic

A

-yes
->primarily for pain
->ischemia or inflammation

57
Q

Why is there sympathetic innervation at every level of skin

A

-because sympathetic is just at thoracolumbar
->to reach everything else, all part of the skin ned to be innervated

58
Q

What are the sympethatic nerves that go to the heart directly

A

-cardiac nerves

59
Q

What are the 3 different paths for sympathetic

A

-skin
-heart
-digestion

60
Q

Is direct pain always somatic

A

-yes
-it is sharp, well focused and easily localized
-carried by spinal nerves

61
Q

What is referred pain

A

-pain that arises from an injured or inflamed structure in the body

-you get injury in one place but feel the pain elsewhere

-feeling of tingling in your fingers after hitting your funny bone

62
Q

How is referred pain classified

A

-somatic or visceral
-visceral is always referred to dermatome
->no visceral map in the brain

63
Q

Describe visceral referred pain

A

-the pain arises from the visceral organ but goes to the dermatome
->so that’s because it is carried by visceral afferent fibres, which respond to stretch, ischemia and chemoreception

64
Q

How does the pain of visceral referred pain feel

A

-it is vague, dull and ill focused

65
Q
A

Foundations 511 (8 decks)

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