Cellular Adaptations, Injury and Death

Question 1

Is disease an illness

Answer 1

-not necessarily

-illness is a patient’s experience of unhealth
->illness can exist without disease

Question 2

What is disease

Answer 2

-there are several components

-etiology(cause)

-pathogenesis(development)

-structural alterations(histologic changes)

-functional alteration(pathophysiology)

-signs, symptoms, illness

Question 3

Who is the father of modern pathology

Answer 3

-rudolf virchow

Question 4

How is disease defined

Answer 4

-cellular pathology that arise from pertubations in molecules
->which affect cellular function, growth and survival

Question 5

What are categories of disease

Answer 5

-blood vessels and blood flow
-inflammatory
-infections
-immunologic
-neoplasms
-genetic
-environment

Question 6

What is a cellular adaptation

Answer 6

-reversible changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cels in response to changes in environment

-changes may be physiological or pathologic

Question 7

What is hypertrophy

Answer 7

-enlargement of a tissue or organ through an increase in cell size
->eg; left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension or aortic stenosis

Question 8

What is hyperplasia

Answer 8

-enlargement of a tissue or organ through increase in cell number
->some have an a tendency to develop malignancy

-eg; endometrial hyperplasia
->due to unopposed estrogenic stimulation

-eg; nodular prostatic hyperplasia

Question 9

What is atrophy

Answer 9

-decrease in the size of a tissue or organ due to decrease in cell size and metabolic activity

->eg; cerebral atrophy with age

Question 10

What is meant by the term metaplasia

Answer 10

-change from one cell type to another
->some are at risk to be malignant

-eg; gastroesaphageal reflux and barrett’’s esophagus

Question 11

What is the definition of cell injury

Answer 11

-abnormalities in one or more essential cellular components

-changes in mitochondria
->decreased ATP(energy) , increased oxidative stress with incomplete oxidative phosphorylation

-leakage of contents through membranes(intra or extra)

-DNA identifies cell cycle arrest
->apoptosis trigger

Question 12

Is cell injury recovery possible in sub-lethal

Answer 12

-yes

Question 13

What are the causes of cell injury

Answer 13

-hypoxia/anoxia/ischemic

-infectious/inflammatory/immunologic

-toxic/metabolic

-chemical agents

-physical agents

-genetic abnormalities

Question 14

What is necrosis

Answer 14

-accidental cell death
-occurs to a group of cells
-often pathologic

Question 15

What are the main causes of necrosi

Answer 15

-ischemia
-microbial toxins
-burns, other chemical and physical insults

Question 16

What happens to cells as a result of necrosis

Answer 16

-cells swell
-cell membranes disrupted
-cellular contents leak out
-cellular explosion, whereas apoptosis is implosion

-note this is the opposite for apoptosis

Question 17

What are the cellular mechanisms of necrosis

Answer 17

-loss of ATP
-loss of mitochondrial and cell membrane integrity
-flooding with intracellular calcium
-oxygen free radicals

Question 18

Is necrosis tissue death

Answer 18

-yes

Question 19

Compare thrombus to embolus

Answer 19

-thrombus is a blood clot that has formed in a vessel

-an embolus is something in a vessel that has travelled somewhere else
->embolus is not always a blood clot

Question 20

Give examples of embolus other than a blood clot

Answer 20

-atherosclerotic plaque
-bone marrow
-amniotic fluid
-air

Question 21

What is venous infarct

Answer 21

-blood compressed in vein and cant leave

Question 22

What is anoxia, hypoxia and ischemia

Answer 22

Anoxia
->no oxygen

Hypoxia
->less oxygen

Ischemia
->reduced or no blood flow
->usually arterial occlusion

Question 23

What is ischemia reperfusion injury

Answer 23

-more injury can occur in ischemic tissues that are successfully re-perfused
->arterial blockage is cleared and blood flow is returned to the tissue

Why?
->more oxygen means more reactive oxygen species
->more calcium and activation of damaging enzymes
->inflammation

Question 23

Is ischemia more injurious than hypoxia or anoxia with maintained blood flow

Answer 23

-yes

Question 24

What physiological processes key in

Answer 24

-embryogenesis
-lymphocyte maturation
-immunologic killing
-malignancy

Question 25

What are the two ways of apoptosis

Answer 25

-intrinsic(mitochonrial pathway)
->intracellular accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins
->growth factor withdrawal
->DNA damage

-extrinsic(death receptor pathway)
->immunologic killing