Organization of the Nervous System

Question 1

The Spinal Cord

Answer 1

Made up of stacked bones

Between vertebrae there are discs that act as shock absorber

Question 2

Herniated Spine Disc

Answer 2

Tear in shock absorbing outer layer
- Most common in Lumbar (lower back)
and Cervical (Neck)
- Risk from Weight (Pressure), Occupation (Repeated physical labour), Genetics (Predispositon to weaker discs)

Question 3

Herniated Spine Disc Medication

Answer 3

Over Counter Pain Meds
Narcotics (Heavy Drugs)
Anticonvulsants (Anti Seizures that reduce pain in Discs)
Muscle Relaxers
Cortisone Injections (Reduces inflammation vis suppressant hormones)

Question 4

Herniated Disc treatment

Answer 4

Rarely surgery removing protrusions

Even More rare is the removal of the entire disk

Question 5

Neurons and Glia (helper cells)

Answer 5

previous estimates 10:1 ratio of glia to neuron

recent estimates
1:1 ratio

Question 6

Stem to Specialized Cells

Neurons

Answer 6

Stem->Progenitor->Blast-> Specialized

Question 7

Blast Cells

Neuroblasts and Glioblasts

Answer 7

Specialize and differentiate into 
Neurons:
Interneuron or Projecting Neuron
Glial:
Oligodendroglia or Astrocytes

The structure of Neurons depends on location and function: ei neuron in retina is small, one from toe to brain is big and long

Question 8

Glial Cells

Answer 8

Ependymal (Epipens)
Astrocyte (Allergies)
Microglial (Make)
Oligodendroglial (Oli)
Schwann (Sneeze)

Question 9

Ependymal Cell

Answer 9

Shape: Small and egg like
Function: Secretes cerebrospinal fluid

Question 10

Astrocyte

Answer 10

Shape: Starlike and symmetrical
Function: Nutrition and Support Neurons

Question 11

Microglial Cells

Answer 11

Shape: Small and derived from mesoderm
Function: Defense

Question 12

Oligodendroglial Cells

Answer 12

Shape: Asymmetrical
Function: Wraps insulating myelin around brain and spinal cord axons

Question 13

Schwann Cells

Answer 13

Shape: Asymmetrical
Function: Wraps around peripheral nerves to form insulating myelin

Question 14

Brain Stem

Answer 14

Where the spinal cord enters the skull
3 Regions
1. Diencephalon
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain (+ Cerebellum)

Question 15

Hindbrain

Answer 15

Pons
Reticular Formation
Medulla
Cerebellum

Question 16

Cerebellum

Answer 16

Part of the hindbrain, with right and left sides with large amounts of neurons and glial cells (4x than cerebral cortex)
important in coordinated skilled movement
also important in cognitive and receives sensory info from vestibular systems ( ei balance, reflex and posture)

Question 17

Medulla

Answer 17

Regulates breathing and heart rate

Question 18

Reticular Formation

Answer 18

Regulates general arousal of waking and sleeping and general alertness

Question 19

Pons

Answer 19

Relays information from and to the brain

Question 20

Midbrain

Answer 20

Located near 3rd Ventricle:
Dorsally: Tectum
Ventrally: Tegmentum

Question 21

Tectum

Answer 21

2 subdivisions Superior (visual input) and inferior colliculus (auditory input)

Question 22

Tegmentum

Answer 22

2 Main Features: involved in the movement
Substantia Nigra
Red Nucleus

Question 23

Substantia Nigra

Answer 23

Initiating Movement and approach/avoidance behaviors

Question 24

Red Nucleus

Answer 24

Controlling Movement via limbs

Question 25

Periaqueductal Grey Matter (PAG)

Answer 25

Located in midbrain and surrounds cerebral aqueduct and contains circuits for pain response

Question 26

Diencephalon

Answer 26

Consists 3 thalamic structures Hypothalamus (below like below zero in hypothermia) Epithalamus ( above like our epithelial cells are above on the skin) Thalamus (inner)

Question 27

Thalamus

Answer 27

``` Divided into different Nuclei and collect various sensory systems and pass to different parts of the brain 3 Nuclei to know: LGB: (Lateral geniculate body) MGB: (Medial geniculate body) VLP: (Ventricle Lateral Posterior) ```

Question 28

LGB: (Lateral geniculate body)

Answer 28

Visual Projections are processed here

Question 29

MGB: (Medial geniculate body)

Answer 29

Auditory Projections are processed here

Question 30

VLP: (Ventricle Lateral Posterior)

Answer 30

Touch temperature pain and pressure projection are processed here

Question 31

Forebrain

Answer 31

``` 3 Main Structures 1 Neocortex 2 subcortical (hidden inside cortex) -Basal Ganglia -Limbic Systems ```

Question 32

Limbic System

Answer 32

Includes: Hypothalamus Hippocampus ( Short term Memory ) Amygdala (emotional and fear response)

Question 33

Basal Ganglia

Answer 33

``` Involved movement and learning in controlling and coordinating movement 3 main structures: Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus ```

Question 34

Basal Ganglia Disorders

Answer 34

Huntington's Disease Early 30s but range from 4 to 80 cell death of the basal ganglia and nearby structures impacts motor function and cognitive and psychiatric features Parkinson's Disease

Question 35

Parkinson's Disease

Answer 35

Average age of diagnosis is 62 projection from substantia nigra to basal ganglia causes tremours in hands and legs rigid movement and balance issues Treatment includes Levodopa good early treatment converts into dopamine which is lacking in affected patients disease progression lessens the effect