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Psych 2NF3 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The Spinal Cord

A

Made up of stacked bones

Between vertebrae there are discs that act as shock absorber

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2
Q

Herniated Spine Disc

A

Tear in shock absorbing outer layer
- Most common in Lumbar (lower back)
and Cervical (Neck)
- Risk from Weight (Pressure), Occupation (Repeated physical labour), Genetics (Predispositon to weaker discs)

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3
Q

Herniated Spine Disc Medication

A

Over Counter Pain Meds
Narcotics (Heavy Drugs)
Anticonvulsants (Anti Seizures that reduce pain in Discs)
Muscle Relaxers
Cortisone Injections (Reduces inflammation vis suppressant hormones)

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4
Q

Herniated Disc treatment

A

Rarely surgery removing protrusions

Even More rare is the removal of the entire disk

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5
Q

Neurons and Glia (helper cells)

A

previous estimates 10:1 ratio of glia to neuron

recent estimates
1:1 ratio

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6
Q

Stem to Specialized Cells

Neurons

A

Stem->Progenitor->Blast-> Specialized

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7
Q

Blast Cells

Neuroblasts and Glioblasts

A 
Specialize and differentiate into 
Neurons:
Interneuron or Projecting Neuron
Glial:
Oligodendroglia or Astrocytes

The structure of Neurons depends on location and function: ei neuron in retina is small, one from toe to brain is big and long

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8
Q

Glial Cells

A 
Ependymal (Epipens)
Astrocyte (Allergies)
Microglial (Make)
Oligodendroglial (Oli)
Schwann (Sneeze)
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9
Q

Ependymal Cell

A

Shape: Small and egg like
Function: Secretes cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

Astrocyte

A

Shape: Starlike and symmetrical
Function: Nutrition and Support Neurons

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11
Q

Microglial Cells

A

Shape: Small and derived from mesoderm
Function: Defense

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12
Q

Oligodendroglial Cells

A

Shape: Asymmetrical
Function: Wraps insulating myelin around brain and spinal cord axons

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13
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Shape: Asymmetrical
Function: Wraps around peripheral nerves to form insulating myelin

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14
Q

Brain Stem

A 
Where the spinal cord enters the skull
3 Regions
1. Diencephalon
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain (+ Cerebellum)
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15
Q

Hindbrain

A

Pons
Reticular Formation
Medulla
Cerebellum

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16
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of the hindbrain, with right and left sides with large amounts of neurons and glial cells (4x than cerebral cortex)
important in coordinated skilled movement
also important in cognitive and receives sensory info from vestibular systems ( ei balance, reflex and posture)

17
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates breathing and heart rate

18
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Regulates general arousal of waking and sleeping and general alertness

19
Q

Pons

A

Relays information from and to the brain

20
Q

Midbrain

A

Located near 3rd Ventricle:
Dorsally: Tectum
Ventrally: Tegmentum

21
Q

Tectum

A

2 subdivisions Superior (visual input) and inferior colliculus (auditory input)

22
Q

Tegmentum

A

2 Main Features: involved in the movement
Substantia Nigra
Red Nucleus

23
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Initiating Movement and approach/avoidance behaviors

24
Q

Red Nucleus

A

Controlling Movement via limbs

25
Q

Periaqueductal Grey Matter (PAG)

A

Located in midbrain and surrounds cerebral aqueduct and contains circuits for pain response

26
Q

Diencephalon

A

Consists 3 thalamic structures
Hypothalamus (below like below zero in hypothermia)
Epithalamus ( above like our epithelial cells are above on the skin)
Thalamus (inner)

27
Q

Thalamus

A 
Divided into different Nuclei and collect various sensory systems and pass to different parts of the brain
3 Nuclei to know:
LGB: (Lateral geniculate body)
MGB: (Medial geniculate body)
VLP: (Ventricle Lateral Posterior)
28
Q

LGB: (Lateral geniculate body)

A

Visual Projections are processed here

29
Q

MGB: (Medial geniculate body)

A

Auditory Projections are processed here

30
Q

VLP: (Ventricle Lateral Posterior)

A

Touch temperature pain and pressure projection are processed here

31
Q

Forebrain

A 
3 Main Structures
1
Neocortex
2 subcortical (hidden inside cortex)
-Basal Ganglia
-Limbic Systems
32
Q

Limbic System

A

Includes:
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus ( Short term Memory )
Amygdala (emotional and fear response)

33
Q

Basal Ganglia

A 
Involved movement and learning in controlling and coordinating movement
3 main structures:
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen 
Globus pallidus
34
Q

Basal Ganglia Disorders

A

Huntington’s Disease
Early 30s but range from 4 to 80
cell death of the basal ganglia and nearby structures
impacts motor function and cognitive and psychiatric features

Parkinson’s Disease

35
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Average age of diagnosis is 62
projection from substantia nigra to basal ganglia

causes tremours in hands and legs
rigid movement and balance issues

Treatment includes Levodopa
good early treatment
converts into dopamine which is lacking in affected patients
disease progression lessens the effect

Psych 2NF3 (6 decks)

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