organization of the Immune system

Question 1

430 BC: Plague in Athens

Answer 1

Historian Thucydides wrote: “Only those who had recovered from the plague could nurse the sick because they would not contract the disease a second time”

Question 2

variolation

Answer 2

Reports suggest that the dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were either inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin (a technique called variolation ) in order to prevent this disease.

Question 3

small pox is caused by

Answer 3

variola major

Question 4

Edward Jenner 1798

Answer 4

cowpox injection can stop small pox infection

Question 5

Louis Pasteur

Answer 5

The induction of immunity to Cholera.
Pasteur hypothesized that aging had weakened the virulence of the pathogen and that such a weakened or attenuated strain could be administered to provide immunity against the disease.
He called this attenuated strain.
Vaccine
(from the Latin vacca, meaning “cow”), in honor of Jenner’s work with cowpox inoculation.

Question 6

Louis Pasteur In 1881

Answer 6

In 1881, Sheep and Bacillus anthracis

Question 7

Pasteur 1885

Answer 7

In 1885, Pasteur administered his first vaccine to a human, a young boy who had been bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog, was inoculated with a series of attenuated rabies virus preparations.

Question 8

Elie Metchnikoff In 1883,

Answer 8

Metchnikoff hypothesized that cells, rather than serum components, were the major effectors of immunity
PHAGOCYTOSING CELLS

Question 9

Elvin Kabat, in 1930,

Answer 9

soluble components in serum could neutralize or precipitate toxins and could agglutinate (clump) bacteria

Question 10

hummoral immunity

Answer 10

Because these antibodies were contained in body fluids (known at that time as the body humors ), the immunologic events they participated in was called
Humoral immunity

Question 11

passive immunity

Answer 11

This form of immune protection that is transferred between individuals is called passive immunity

Advantage:
Quick solution
Disadvantage:
Short-lived

Question 12

Active immunity

Answer 12

Active immunity: Administration of a vaccine or natural infection in the host

Question 13

antigen

Answer 13

antigen – any agent (molecule) that binds to components of the immune response – lymphocytes and their receptors – antibodies and the TcR.

Question 14

immunogen

Answer 14

immunogen – any agent capable of inducing an immune response.

Question 15

hapten

Answer 15

hapten – is antigenic but not immunogenic unless it is attached to a carrier molecule of some sort which supplies the immunogenicity.

Question 16

The cells and molecules of the immune system become activated in a given immune response depend on:

Answer 16

The chemical structures present on the pathogen.
Whether it resides inside or outside of host cells.
The location of the response.

Question 17

The process of pathogen recognition involves an interaction between ?

Answer 17

The process of pathogen recognition involves an interaction between the foreign organism and a recognition molecule (or molecules) expressed by host cells.

Question 18

Ligands for recognition molecule are

Answer 18

whole pathogens
antigenic fragments
or products secrected by foreign organism

Question 19

Pathogen-

Answer 19

Pathogen- associated molecular patterns (or PAMPs) are:
Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens.
Unique antigenic structures that the immune system frequently recognizes first.

Question 20

(PRRs)

Answer 20

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
detect and destroy PAMP
in genomic DNA
germline encoded
conserved 
1st line of defense

Question 21

tolerance.

Answer 21

This principle, which relies on self/nonself discrimination, is called tolerance.

Question 22

Innate immunity

Answer 22

Built-in molecular and cellular mechanisms that are encoded in the germline
Evolutionarily more primitive
Aimed at preventing infection or quickly eliminating common invaders

Question 23

Innate Immunity examples

Answer 23

Physical and chemical barriers to infection
DNA-encoded receptors PPRs
Preexisting serum proteins called Complement

Question 24

Adaptive immunity

Answer 24

Adaptive immunity
More molecular differences.
Relies on B and T lymphocytes.
Takes longer to come on board but is much more antigen specific (within 5 or 6 days after the barrier breach and initial exposure)

Question 25

3 types of Dysfunctional immune responses

Answer 25

Hypersensitivity
Auto Immune Disease
Immune Deficiency

Question 26

Hypersensitivity

Answer 26

Hypersensitivity (including allergy): overly zealous attacks on common benign but foreign antigens
Anaphylaxis
Some are caused by antibodies and others are the result of T-cell activity.

Question 27

Autoimmune Disease:

Answer 27

Autoimmune Disease: breakdown in self-tolerance occurs.

Both genetic and environmental factors

Question 28

Primary immunodeficiencies

Answer 28

Primary immunodeficiencies: arise due to inherited genetic factors. Immunoglobulin A is lacking, SCID.
severe combined immunodeficiency

Question 29

Secondary immunodeficiencies

Answer 29

Secondary immunodeficiencies: Result of disruption/damage by chemical, physical, or biological agents. AIDS