organization of I.S pt 2

Question 1

All these immune cells originate

from __?

Answer 1

All these immune cells originate

from Hematopoietic Stem Cells(HSCs

Question 2

hematopoiesis

Answer 2

The process by which Hematopoietic Stem Cells(HSCs) differentiate into mature blood cells is called hematopoiesis

Question 3

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 3

Primary lymphoid organs
including the Bone marrow and the Thymus
Function: regulate the development of immune cells from immature precursors.

Question 4

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 4

Secondary lymphoid organs
including the spleen, lymph nodes, and specialized sites in the gut and other mucosal tissues
Function: coordinate the encounter of antigen with antigen-specific lymphocytes and their development into effector and memory cells.

Question 5

where do HSCs reside ?

Answer 5

the bone marrow,

Question 6

what 2 capabilities are HSCs defined by ?

Answer 6

HSCs are defined by two capacities:
The ability to regenerate or “self-renew”
The ability to differentiate into all diverse blood cell types.

Question 7

Granulocytes:

Answer 7

Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Basophils, Mast cells, or Eosinophils
All granulocytes have multi-lobed nuclei
The cytoplasm contains granules that are released in response to contact with pathogens.

Question 8

monocytes

Answer 8

Migrate into tissues in response to infection

Question 9

Myeloid Antigen-Presenting Cells

Answer 9

Myeloid Antigen-Presenting Cells
(monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells)
Professional antigen-presenting cell (APC)
Considered cellular bridges between the innate and adaptive immune systems

Question 10

what molecules are inside granules of neutrophils

examples of neutrophils

Answer 10

proteases, protease inhib., histamines,

elastase, collagenasem defensinsm lysozyme

Question 11

function of neutrophils

Answer 11

most abundant
phagocytocize
cause direct harm to pathogens, vasodialation, tissue remodeling,

Question 12

what molecules are inside granules of eosinophils

eosinophil examples

Answer 12

cationic proteins.
ribonuclease.
cytokines. and
chemokines

eosinophil peroixdase, major basic proteins (release histamine)

Question 13

function of eosinophils

Answer 13

induce ROS, anti-parasitic, vasodialation, antiviral activity, modulation of adaptive immunity

Question 14

what molecules are inside granules of basophil/ mast cells ?

give examples of basophils

Answer 14

cytokine, lipid mediators, histamine

IL4, IL13

Question 15

Function of basophils

Answer 15

modulation of adaptive immunity, regulate inflammation, vasodialation, smooth m. contraction

Question 16

Lymphocyes Can be broadly subdivided into three major populations

Answer 16

B and T lymphocytes and NK Cells

Question 17

B cells mature in _ for birds birds

and __ in mammals.

Answer 17

Bursa of Fabricius in birds

Bone marrow in mammals.

Question 18

B Cell receptor

Answer 18

BCR is a membrane-bound immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule that binds to antigen.

Question 19

Activated B cells differentiate into effector cells known as __

Answer 19

Activated B cells differentiate into effector cells known as plasma cells

Question 20

T Cell Receptor

Answer 20

Only recognize processed pieces of antigen (typically peptides) bound to cell membrane proteins called major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 21

T Cell diffrentiate into 2 type _ and_

Answer 21

T cytotoxic (TC), 
T helper (TH) cells

Question 22

chich type of T cell is CD4 and which is CD8

Answer 22

CD4= helper

CD8=cytotoxic

Question 23

CD?

Answer 23

Cluster of diffrentiaition

Question 24

T Helper 1,2 AND 17

Answer 24

T helper type 1 (TH1) cells regulate the immune response to intracellular pathogens
T helper type 2 (TH2) cells regulate the response to many extracellular pathogens.
T helper type 17 cells (TH17), so named because they secrete IL-17, play an important role in cell-mediated immunity and may help the defense against fungi.

Question 25

Bone marrow

Answer 25

Provides Niches for Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Self-Renew and Differentiate into Myeloid Cells and B Lymphocytes

Question 26

_ ,_ , and _ tend to be the most active sites of hematopoiesis.

Answer 26

The long bones (femur, hummers), hip bones (ileum), and sternum tend to be the most active sites of hematopoiesis.

Question 27

Cells that coordinate HSC development

Answer 27

osteoblast, endothelial, reticular, sympathetic neirons

Question 28

reticular cells ? | symphatheic neurons ?

Answer 28

Reticular cells that send processes connecting cells to bone and blood vessels Sympathetic neurons , which can control the release of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow.

Question 29

significance of cortex, medulla and Corticomedullary junction of the thymus

Answer 29

Cortex which is densely populated with immature thymocytes Medulla, which is sparsely populated with mature thymocytes. These major regions are separated by the corticomedullary junction (CMJ) : Cells enter from and exit to the bloodstream.

Question 30

Thymocytes are positively selected in the __ ? Autoreactive thymocytes are negatively selected in the __?

Answer 30

cortex medulla

Question 31

charteristics of both spleen and lymph nodes

Answer 31

Both are the most highly organized of the secondary lymphoid organs and are compartmentalized from the rest of the body by a fibrous capsule

Question 32

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Answer 32

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Less organized system Found associated with the linings of multiple organ systems, including the gastrointestinal (GI) and respiratory tracts Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, Appendix Lymphoid follicles within the lamina propria of the intestines and in the mucous membranes lining the upper airways, bronchi, and genitourinary tract.

Question 33

SLOs share what key feature ?

Answer 33

SLOs share key features: All have anatomically distinct regions of T-cell and B-cell activity. All develop lymphoid follicles:

Question 34

lymphoid follicles are responsible for

Answer 34

development and selection of B cells that produce high affinity antibodies

Question 35

chemokines

Answer 35

All immune cells that traffic through tissues, blood, and lymph nodes are guided by small molecules known as chemokines.

Question 36

stromal cells

Answer 36

in lymph nodes : support and guide lymphocytes and myeloid cells in the SLOs.

Question 37

cortex vs paracortex

Answer 37

Cortex, contains lymphocytes (mostly B cells), macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells arranged in follicles. Paracortex, which is populated largely by T lymphocytes and also contains dendritic cells. fibroblast reticular cells (FRCs)

Question 38

medulla of lymph node

Answer 38

where lymphocytes exit the lymph node

Question 39

Germinal centers

Answer 39

Germinal centers are substructures that facilitate the generation of B cells with increased receptor affinities.

Question 40

fibroblast reticular cells (FRCs

Answer 40

guide t cell movement

Question 41

The splenic white pulp?

Answer 41

The splenic white pulp surrounds the branches of the splenic artery, and consists of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

Question 42

(PALS) populated by T lymphocytes as well as B-cell follicles.

Answer 42

(PALS) populated by T lymphocytes as well as B-cell follicles.

Question 43

people who have had splenectomy are more likely to have

Answer 43

systemic bacterial infections (sepsis) caused by primarily Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. and Dental Abscesses

Question 44

M Cells

Answer 44

transport antigens across epithelium of MALTs

Question 45

Naïve lymphocytes enter the cortex of the lymph node by passing between the specialized endothelial cells of __? Once naïve T cells enter the lymph node, they browse ___ on the surfaces of the dendritic cells present in the ___.

Answer 45

Naïve lymphocytes enter the cortex of the lymph node by passing between the specialized endothelial cells of high endothelial venules (HEV) Once naïve T cells enter the lymph node, they browse MHC-peptide antigen complexes on the surfaces of the dendritic cells present in the paracortex.

Question 46

In peyer's patches The outer mucosal epithelial layer contains __, many of which are T cells The lamina propria , which lies under the epithelial layer, contains large numbers _,_,_, and _?

Answer 46

The outer mucosal epithelial layer contains intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) , many of which are T cells