Metabolism

Question 1

Kreb’s cycle

Answer 1

in notes

Question 2

organism : streptococcus / lactobacillus

end product : ?

Answer 2

lactic acid: breaks enamel of teeth . in vaginal and oral flora

Question 3

organism : saccharomyces.

end product :?

Answer 3

ethanol and co2

Question 4

Organism: propionibacterium

end product :

Answer 4

propionic acid, acetic acid, CO2, H2

Question 5

organism clostridium.

end product:

Answer 5

butyric acid, butanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, CO2

Butyric acid: burn victims

Question 6

organism: escherichia, salmonella

end product :?

Answer 6

ethanol, lactic acid, acetic acid, co2, H2

Question 7

organism : enterobactium

Answer 7

ethanol, lactic acid, formic acid`

Question 8

explain the source of each ATP from cell respiration

Answer 8

Glycolysis:
2 ATP: glucose to pyruvate
6 ATP from 2 NADH.

Prep stage :
acetyl coa creates 2NADH so 6ATP.

Krebs
succinyl coa to succinic acid:2GTP
6NADH will make 18ATP
2FADH will make 4ATP.

Question 9

explain catalase test

Answer 9

Hydrogen peroxide reduced to Oxygen
Left (+) 
	Staph species
Right (--)
	Streptococcus species

Question 10

manitol agar test

Answer 10

Acid production 
(yellow)  (+)
 Pink  (--)
   Staph aureus (+)
   Staph epidermidis (-)

Question 11

Coagulase Test

Answer 11

Coagulase Test  
  Staph aureus (+)
  Staph epidermidis (-)

Question 12

what type of amino acids are made from each ?
PEP—
Pyruvate—
Oxaloacetate—

Answer 12

PEP—aromatic amino acids
Pyruvate—aliphatic amino acids
Oxaloacetate—aspartate amino acids

Question 13

Biosynthesis In Fermentation

Krebs provides intermediates for?

Answer 13

amino acids & hemin synthesis

Question 14

at what kcal in the etc can an ATP be generated

Answer 14

7

Question 15

at what points are ATP generated in the ETC

Answer 15

After NADH2 when kcal id 12.8
after cytchrome b when kcal is 8.8
after cyt. a/a3: kcal 23.5

Question 16

Name types of bacterial proteins (10)?

Answer 16

Permeases
Receptors
Proteoglygans
Bacteriocins
B-lactamases
Secretory IgA proteases
Hemolysins
Leucocidins
Metabolic enzymes
Molecular chaperons

Question 17

B-lactamases

Answer 17

degrade anitbiotics

Question 18

secretory IgA protease

Answer 18

dimeric. on mucosa surface. prevent colonization of exogenous bacteria

Question 19

How is the reductive patheay possible in the biosynthesis of fermentation

Answer 19

Reductive is possible because NAD-linked succinate dehydrogenase is replaced by fumarate reductase

Question 20

what molecules are responsible for pyrimidine synthesis and what triphospates are produced ?

Answer 20

aspartic acid.
carbamyl phosphate .
orotic acid.

b, UTP, TTP AND CTP

Question 21

what components are responsible for purine synthesis and what triphospates are produced ?

Answer 21

Ribose-5-phosphate. Glycine. Serine. IMP
and
ATP, GTP

Question 22

nucleic acid inhib?

Answer 22

rifampin and quinolones

Question 23

rifampin

Answer 23

Rifampin
Inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Treats TB

Question 24

quinolones

Answer 24

Quinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Inhibit gyrase or topoisomerases
Prevent DNA supercoiling
Treats various bacterial infections
	UTIs,Pneumonia

Question 25

protein Synthesis inhib? 30s

Answer 25

30S: 30S Subunit

1. Aminoglycosides (gentamycin. streptomycin. tobramycin)
2. Tetracyclines
3. Docycycline

Question 26

protein Synthesis inhib? 50s

Answer 26

50S  Subunit
Chloramphenicol
Lincosamides (Clindamycin)
Macrolides (Erythromycin)
Fusidic acid

Question 27

Folic acid inhibitors ?

Answer 27

1. PABA is a precusor that is blocked by sulfanominde

2. DHFR: (Methotextrate and trimethoprim). works to inhibit dihydrofolic acid from becoming tetrahydrofolic acid

Question 28

Bacteria Lipids? 4

Answer 28

Phospholipids

LPS (gram-negatives):Lipid-A (outer leaflet). Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PSE) in inner leaflet

Lipoteichoic acid in gram positives

Mycolic acids (mycobacteria)

Question 29

Compare gram (pos and neg) in relation to Antibody and complement

Answer 29

negative :OM resistant to antibiotics, bile salts, but
susceptible to antibody and complement

positive: thick peptidoglycan of gram + is impermeable to antibody/complement

Question 30

Polymyxin vs polyenes

Answer 30

Polymyxins
Anti-bacterial; disrupts hydrophobic region of CM; possess multiple positive acid charges to bind phospholipid phosphates

Polyenes
Anti-fungal; react with steroids in CM to alter permeability

Question 31

isomerase

Answer 31

racemase and mutase: rearrange groups in a molecule

Question 32

hydrolase

Answer 32

hydrolyze a molecule by adding H2O

Question 33

Ligase

Answer 33

join two molecules together using energy from ATP or other nucleoside triphosphates

Question 34

transferase

Answer 34

transfers one part of a molecule to another
methyltransferase: C1 group
aminootransferrase : n containing groups

Question 35

oxidase

Answer 35

carries out redox reactions . use O2 as electron acceptor

Question 36

dehydrogenase

Answer 36

removes a pair of electrons and protons

Question 37

lyase

Answer 37

removes groups from a molecule to form double bond r adds groups to double bonds

Question 38

name organism associated with each oxygen utilization

microaerophiles
obligate anaerobes

Answer 38

microaerophiles -Campylobacter

obligate anaerobes - Clostridium

Question 39

name organism associated with each oxygen utilization

obligate aerobes -
facultative anerobes -
aerotolerant anaerobes -

Answer 39

obligate aerobes -Bacillus
facultative anerobes –E.coli, Staph
aerotolerant anaerobes -Lactobacillus

Question 40

name stages of the bacterial growth curve

Answer 40

Lag phase– initial biochemical synthesis
Exponential-multiplicative, uniform growth
Stationary-nutrient depletion, pH changes
Death-toxics, pH, nutrients