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Anatomy & Physiology > Organization of Body > Flashcards

Organization of Body Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

An idea or principle to be tested in experiments.

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2
Q

Experiment

A

A series of tests of a hypothesis; a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences.

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3
Q

Theory

A

A hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a degree of confidence.

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4
Q

Law

A

A theory that has an unusually high level of confidence.

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5
Q

Science is affected by….?

A

culture, and culture is affected by society

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6
Q

Anatomy and physiology

A

Branches of biology concerned with the form and functions of the body

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7
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts.

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8
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Used before the invention of the microscope, when early anatomists could make only a gross, or whole, examination relying only on their eyes during dissection.

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9
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of body parts with a microscope.

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10
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells; histology is the study of tissues.

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11
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

The study of human growth and development.

the study of human growth and development.

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12
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

The study of diseased body structures.

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13
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

The study of the body by systems.

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14
Q

Systems

A

Groups of organs that have a common function, such as bones in the skeletal system and muscles in the muscular system.

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15
Q

Organism

A

Human or plant physiology

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16
Q

Organizational Level

A

Molecular or cellular physiology

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17
Q

Systemic Function

A

Respiratory physiology, neurophysiology, or cardiovascular physiology

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18
Q

Autopoiesis

A

Living organisms are self-organized and self-maintaining

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19
Q

Cell theory

A

If it is made of one or more cells, it is alive

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20
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body

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21
Q

Organization of chemical structures separates…..?

A

living material from nonliving material

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22
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Is the essential material of human life.

Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter

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23
Q

Death

A

occurs when proper relationships between chemical elements are not maintained.

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24
Q

Organelles

A

cannot survive outside the cell; cells cannot survive without the organelles.

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25
Q

Mitochondria

A

Are the “power houses” of cells that provide energy needed by the cell to function.

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26
Q

The Golgi Apparatus

A

A set of sacs that provides a “packaging” service to the cell by storing material for future internal use or for export from the cell.

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27
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of channels within the cell that acts as a “highway” for the movement of chemicals and as sites for chemical processing.

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28
Q

Each cell has a…..?

A

a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane

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29
Q

Cells

A

The smallest and most numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life.

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30
Q

Fat Cells

A

Permit the storage of fats; cardiac muscle cells can contract with great force.

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31
Q

Muscle, bone, nerve, and blood cells

A

Examples of structurally and functionally unique cells.

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32
Q

Organs

A

Discrete and functionally complex operational units

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33
Q

Organ

A

A unique size, shape, appearance, and placement in the body.
Organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special function.

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34
Q

The Organ Level

A

ex. The Heart

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35
Q

Muscle and Connective Tissues

A

Ex. Give it shape and pump blood

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36
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Line the cavities

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37
Q

Nervous Tissues

A

permit control of the pumping contractions of the heart

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38
Q

System level involves…..?

A

Varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions

39
Q

What is greater than the sum of its parts?

A

living human organism

40
Q

Reference Position

A

Body erect with arms at sides, palms forward

Head and feet pointing forward

41
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Balanced proportions-the right and left sides of the body are mirror images.
Most Obvious.

42
Q

Ipsilateral Structures

A

Are on the same side of the body

43
Q

Contralateral Structures

A

Are on opposite sides of the body

44
Q

Thoracic cavity - Ventral Body Cavity

A

Right and left pleural cavities

Mediastinum

45
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity- Ventral

A

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

46
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

The lungs

47
Q

Mediastinum

A

The heart, trachea, right and left bronchi, esophagus, thymus, various blood vessels, thoracic duct, and other lymphatic vessels, various lymph nodes, and nerves

48
Q

The abdominal Cavity

A

Holds the liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, and ureters

49
Q

Pelvic Cavity.

A

The bladder, certain reproductive organs, and part of the large intestine

50
Q

The Cranial Cavity

A

The space within the skull that houses the brain

51
Q

The Spinal Cavity

A

The location of the spinal cord, lies within the hollow spinal canal formed by a stacked column of donut-shaped vertebrae.

52
Q

Axial Subdivision

A

Head
Neck
Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisions

53
Q

Appendicular subdivision

A

Upper extremity and subdivisions

Lower extremity and subdivisions

54
Q

Right Hypochondriac Region

A

Upper Right, Underneath breast

55
Q

Epigastric

A

Upper Center Chest

56
Q

Left Hypochondriac Region

A

Upper Left Underneath Breast

57
Q

Right Lumbar Region

A

Right side beneath Right Hypochondriac Region

58
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Center stomach below Epigastric

59
Q

Left Lumbar Region

A

Left side beneath Left Hypochondriac

60
Q

Right Iliac (inguinal) Region

A

Right Side Below Right Lumbar

61
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Below the Umbilical Region

62
Q

Left Iliac (inguinal) Region

A

Left Side below Left Lumbar

63
Q

Abdominal Quadrants

A

Right Upper, Left Upper

Right Lower, Left Lower

64
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head, upper, or above

65
Q

Inferior

A

Means toward the feet, lower, or below

66
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the belly, front, or in front of

67
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back, back, or in back of

68
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

69
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side of the body, or away from the midline

70
Q

Proximal

A

Toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts

71
Q

Distal

A

Means away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

72
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer the surface

73
Q

Deep

A

Means farther away from the body surface.

74
Q

Lumen

A

The hollow area in organs, such as the stomach, small intestine, airways of the lungs, blood vessels, urinary organs, and so on

75
Q

The Central Nervous System

A

Includes the brain and spinal cord

76
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Includes the nerves of the muscles, skin, and other organs that are nearer the outer boundaries of the body

77
Q

Medullary

A

Refers to the inner region or core of an organ

78
Q

Cortical

A

Refers to the outer region or layer of an organ

79
Q

Basal

A

Refers to the base or widest part of a region

80
Q

Apical

A

Refers to the narrow tip of an organ

81
Q

The Sagittal Plane

A

Runs front to back, so sections through this plane divide the body (or body part) into right and left sides.

82
Q

Midsagittal Median Sagittal

A

If a section divides the body (or part) into symmetrical right and left halves

83
Q

The Frontal Plane

A

Runs lengthwise (side to side) and divides the body (or part) into anterior or posterior portions.

84
Q

The Transverse Plane

A

A “crosswise” plane and divides the body into upper and lower parts.

85
Q

Cross-Section

A

A cut along a plane parallel with the short axis of an organ

86
Q

Longitudinal Section

A

A cut along the long axis of an organ

87
Q

Oblique Sections

A

Sometimes it is helpful to make a cut along a plane that is not at right angles to the planes we have already mentioned

88
Q

Developmental Processes

A

Structure and function of body undergo changes over the early years

89
Q

Aging Processes

A

Structure and function of body undergo changes over the late years

90
Q

Body functions least well……?

A

Infancy and old age are periods

91
Q

Period of greatest homeostatic efficiency?

A

Young adulthood

92
Q

Every …….., regardless of location or function, changes over time.

A

Organ

93
Q

In a healthy young adult, all body systems are…….?

A

Mature and Fully operational

94
Q

Atrophy

A

A term used to describe the wasting effects of advanced age

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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