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Anatomy & Physiology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Composite Cell

A

typical cell
Various size, function, and structure
Fundamental Unit of Life

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2
Q

Nucleus composed chiefly of…….?

A

rRNA

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3
Q

The Plasma Membrane

A

separates the cell from its surrounding environment, the outer boundary of a cell.

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4
Q

The Nucleus

A

A large membranous structure near the center of the cell.

DNA is a major constituent

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A thick, gel-like substance inside the cell composed of numerous organelles suspended in watery cytosol.

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6
Q

Each cell contains…….?

A

Plasma membrane

Membranous organelles

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7
Q

Membranous Organelles

A

Sacs and canals made of the same material as the plasma membrane.

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8
Q

Nonmembranous

A

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli, Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Ribosomes

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9
Q

Membranous

A

Mitochondria, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vesicles

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10
Q

Molecules of the cell membrane are arranged……?

A

In a Sheet.

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11
Q

The mosaic of molecules is…..?

A

Fluid

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12
Q

This model illustrates that the…….of the……form a continuous sheet.

A

molecules

cell membrane

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13
Q

The fluid mosaic model is a……….?

A

a theory explaining how cell membranes are constructed.

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14
Q

Molecules are able to ………., like a fluid.

A

float around slowly

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15
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins (IMPs)

A

A cell controls what moves through the membrane by IMP.

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

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16
Q

Some IMPs have ……. attached to them and as a result form ……..

A

carbohydrates

glycoproteins

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17
Q

Some IMPs are ….. that react to specific………

A

receptors

chemicals

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18
Q

identification markers or signs

A

Glycoproteins

recognized by other molecules that identify the enclosed areas

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19
Q

What can trigger signal transduction?

A

Receptors

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20
Q

signal transduction

A

the process by which cells translate the signal received by a membrane receptor into a specific chemical change in the cell.

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21
Q

Two major groups of organelles

A

Membranous organelles

Nonmembranous organelles

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22
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes synthesize proteins and intracellular transportation, which move toward the Golgi apparatus and eventually leave the cell

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23
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesizes certain lipids and carbohydrates and creates membranes for use throughout the cell.
Removes and stores calcium ions (Ca++) from the cell’s interior

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24
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

made up of membranous-walled canals and flat, curving sacs arranged in parallel rows throughout the cytoplasm; they extend from the plasma membrane to the nucleus

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25
Q

What moves through canals?

A

Proteins

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26
Q

Rough ER is made up of…….?

A

Broad, flattened sacs that extend outward from the boundary of the nucleus

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27
Q

What dots the outer surface of the membraneous walls of the Rough ER?

A

Ribosomes but they are not found in smooth ER

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28
Q

Which ER are more less established and more varied

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

Ribosomes

A

make proteins for “export” or to be embedded in the plasma membrane
attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and many lie free, scattered throughout the cytoplasm

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30
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

make proteins for the cell’s domestic use

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31
Q

What moves to the golgi apparatus after breaking away from the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

vesicles and fuse with the first cisterna

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32
Q

Once all processed proteins leave the………the contents may then be secreted to outside the cell.

A

final cisterna

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33
Q

Lysosomes

A

Made of microscopic membranous sacs that have “pinched off” from Golgi apparatus

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34
Q

The interior of the…………. contains various kinds of enzymes capable of breaking down all the protein components of a cell.

A

lysosome

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35
Q

Lysosomes do what with amino acids?

A

Recycle

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36
Q

Lysosomes are the what of the cell?

A

Digestive System- Digest amino acids

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37
Q

Lysosomes change what with the stage of their activity?

A

Size and Shape

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38
Q

Residual Bodies

A

are vesicles containing indigestible materials

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39
Q

Residual bodies are either……..by the cell via……….

A

secreted

exocytosis ( only occurs in macrophages

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40
Q

If residual bodies are not secreted they become…….?

A

lipofuscin granulesthat remain in the cytosol indefinitely.

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41
Q

Proteasomes

A

Hollow, protein cylinders found throughout the cytoplasm, break down abnormal/misfolded proteins and normal proteins no longer needed by the cell

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42
Q

Proteasomes break down ……… one at a time by tagging each one with a chain of ………

A

protein molecules

ubiquitin molecules

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43
Q

Ubiquitin

A

is a small protein that is found in almost all cellular tissues in humans and other eukaryotic organisms, which helps to regulate the processes of other proteins in the body

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44
Q

Ubiquitin enters the…….. and pulls the rest of the protein in after it; the protein is…….., and the peptide bonds begin to ……

A

proteasome
unfolded
break apart

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45
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Small membranous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful substances that enter the cells

46
Q

Where are Peroxisomes found?

A

Often seen in kidney and liver cells

47
Q

The………. is a type of……. that contains; it is present in the……. of some cells.

A

peroxisome
vesicle
enzymes
cytoplasm

48
Q

Peroxisomes contain the enzymes…….. and……., which are important in detoxification

A

peroxidase

catalase

49
Q

Peroxisomes serve different……….. functions in the body.

A

detoxification

50
Q

Mitochondria

A

The “power plants” of cells ATP production

Double membrane structure that is contorted into folds called cristae

51
Q

Mitochondria is made of……..?

A

microscopic sacs

52
Q

Each mitochondrian has what type of molecule?

A

DNA

53
Q

Structure of the Nucleus

A

Consists of a nuclear envelope surrounding nucleoplasm and Contains DNA, the heredity molecules

54
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

composed of two membranes, each with essentially the same molecular structure as the plasma membrane

55
Q

DNA appears as……..?

A

Chromatin threads or granules in nondividing cells

Chromosomes in early stages of cell division

56
Q

The Nucleus

A

a spherical body in the center of a cell enclosed by an envelope with many pores.

57
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Holes of the nuclear envelope

58
Q

Functions of the……… are functions of DNA molecules; DNA determines both the…….. and….. of cells and heredity.

A

nucleus
structure
function

59
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The cell’s internal supporting framework

60
Q

The framework is made of………?

A

Made up of tiny, flexible fibers and rigid, rodlike pieces

61
Q

It can move the cell or its parts?

A

Cytoskeleton

62
Q

The cytoskeleton can detect …….. inside and outside the cell.

A

changes

63
Q

Cell Fibers

A

Fibers appear to support the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and “free” ribosomes

64
Q

Microfilaments

A

Serve as cellular muscles

Can slide past each other and cause shortening of the cell

65
Q

Cell fibers are intricately arranged…….. of varying length that form a ………..,……….. shaped lattice.

A

fibers
three-dimensional
irregularly

66
Q

Microfilaments are the……….. cell fibers

A

smallest

67
Q

Microfilaments are made of ……, twisted strands of …………… that lie parallel to the ………. of the cell.

A

thin
protein molecules
long axis

68
Q

Microtubules

A

Microtubules are tiny, hollow tubes; they are the thickest of the cell fibers.
Made of protein subunits arranged in a spiral fashion

69
Q

Whose function is to move things around inside the cell?

A

Microtubules

70
Q

Centrosome

A

Nonmembranous structure also called the microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

71
Q

What plays an important role in cell division?

A

Centrosome

72
Q

Centrioles identify the general location of…….?

A

Centrosome

73
Q

The centrosome is an area of the cytoplasm near the……. that coordinates the…….. and ……. apart of microtubules in the cell.

A

nucleus
building
breaking

74
Q

Molecular Motors

A

can pull larger structures along microtubules and microfilaments as if along a track; this provides intracellular transport and movements of the entire cell

75
Q

Dynein, Myosin, and Kinesin are what?

A

Motor proteins

76
Q

Cilia

A

Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella; all cilia have sensory functions. Assists epithelial cells in absorption

77
Q

Flagella

A

are found only on human sperm cells

78
Q

Microvilli

A

They are good for absorbing things and for secreting things.

79
Q

What can give a cell 600 times more surface area?

A

Microvilli

80
Q

The ……….. forms projections that extend the ……….. outward to form tiny, fingerlike processes.

A

cytoskeleton

plasma membrane

81
Q

Where are Microvilli found?

A

epithelial cells that line the intestines

82
Q

Microvilli plays a big part in …… ?

A

Absorption

83
Q

Cillia and Flagella have what in their core?

A

microtubules and molecular motors

84
Q

Some cilia found in groups have coordinated………. movements that brush ………. past the cell’s surface

A

oarlike

material

85
Q

Projections from the cell that move …….. and ……..

A

material

mucus

86
Q

Flagella move with …….. movements that …….. the sperm cells forward.

A

tail-like

propel

87
Q

Desmosomes

A

Fibers on the outer surface of each desmosome interlock with each other

88
Q

what are like “spot welds” at various points connecting adjacent membranes

A

Spot desmosomes

89
Q

Gap junctions form ….. or “tunnels” that join the ………. of two cells.

A

Gaps

Cytoplasms

90
Q

Desmosomes are anchored internally by …….. ?

A

intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

91
Q

How are gap junctions formed?

A

When membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other

92
Q

What encircles the entire cell?

A

Belt desmosomes

93
Q

Cell connections are known as

A

Tight Junctions

94
Q

Cell connections occur in cells that are joined by …..?

A

“collars” of tightly fused material

95
Q

Molecules cannot permeate the cracks of ………?

A

tight junctions or cell connections

96
Q

what occurs in the lining of the intestines and other parts of the body where it is important to control what gets through a what?

A

Tight Junctions

sheet of cells

97
Q

A cells lifespan is?

A

120 days

98
Q

What holds a majority of ribosome?

A

Rough ER

99
Q

Microvilli is similar to what?

A

Cillia

100
Q

rRna is what?

A

Ribosomal RNA

101
Q

Membraneous organelles are similar to what?

A

Cytoplasma

102
Q

Macrophages do what?

A

Clean house like pacman

103
Q

Cisterna

A

Flattened membrane disk

104
Q

Mitochondria has the ability to …..?

A

Replicate

105
Q

What four proteins are needed for muscle contraction?

A

Lynein, myosin, kinesin, triponin

106
Q

What happens when one has a high level of triponin?

A

Heart Attack

107
Q

What is the first step of a lysosome to Residual body?

A

Envelopment

108
Q

What is the second step of a lysosome to residual body?

A

Sealing

109
Q

What is the third step of a lysosome to residual body?

A

Merging with lysosome

110
Q

What is the fourth step of a lysosome to residual body?

A

Resulting residual body

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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