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Anatomy & Physiology > Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry

A

The field of chemistry that deals with living organisms and life processes

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2
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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3
Q

Element

A

A simple form of matter, a substance that cannot be broken down into two or more different substances

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4
Q

How many elements are in the human body?

A

26 Elements

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5
Q

How many of the 26 elements in the human body are major?

A

11 Elements- Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen and Nitrogen

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6
Q

How many trace elements are in the body?

A

15 trace elements

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7
Q

Compound

A

An atom of two or more elements joined to form chemical combinations

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8
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of Protons

Identifies Type of Element

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9
Q

Large letter/Large and small letter

A

Chemical Symbol

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10
Q

Atomic Mass Number

A

Number of protons plus average number of neutrons

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11
Q

Major Elements in the Cytoplasm

A

Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon

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12
Q

Minor Elements in the Cytoplasm

A

Iron
Manganese
Silicon

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13
Q

Atomic structure

A

Atoms contain several different kinds of subatomic particles

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14
Q

The concept of an atom was proposed by…….?

A

English Chemist John Dalton

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15
Q

Greek word atomos

A

Indivisible

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16
Q

Everything, whether liquid, gas, or solid, is made up of…….?

A

Atoms

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17
Q

Protons

A

The positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus

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18
Q

Neutrons

A

The neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus

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19
Q

Electrons

A

The negatively charged subatomic particles found in the electron cloud formed around the nucleus

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20
Q

The total number of ……. in an atom equals the number of ………. in the nucleus in a stable atom

A

Electrons and Protons

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21
Q

Probability Distribution

A

The cloud model suggests that any one electron cannot be exactly located at a specific point at any particular time

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22
Q

The Octet Rule

A

States that atoms with fewer than or more than eight electrons in the outer energy levels will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability.

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23
Q

Bohr Model

A

Exhibits electrons in concentric circles, showing the relative distances of electrons from the nucleus
Number and arrangement of electrons determine whether an atom is chemically stable
An atom with eight electrons, or four pairs of electrons, in the outermost energy level is chemically stable

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24
Q

Hydrogen is……?

A

Reactive

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25
Q

Isotopes

A

Have the same atomic number, and therefore have the same basic chemical propertied, as any other atom of the same element, but they have a different mass number.

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26
Q

Atomic Weight

A

The average mass number of isotopes typically found among atoms in nature.

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27
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

An unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation

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28
Q

H

A

Hydrogen

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29
Q

H^2

A

Deuterium

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30
Q

H^3

A

Tritium

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31
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Two types unite atoms into groupings, such as crystals and molecules

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32
Q

A Chemical Reaction

A

Is the interaction between two or more atoms that occurs as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy levels

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33
Q

Molecule

A

Is made up of two or more atoms covalently joined

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34
Q

A Compound

A

Consists of groupings of atoms of two or more elements

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35
Q

A Ionic Bond

A

Formed by the transfer of electrons; it is a strong electrostatic force that binds positively and negatively charged ions together

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36
Q

A Covalent Bond

A

Formed by sharing of electron pairs between atoms

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37
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Result from unequal charge distribution on molecules
Are much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds
Areas of different partial charges attract one another and form

38
Q

Polar Molecules

A

have regions with partial electrical charges that result from unequal sharing of electrons among atoms

39
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

Involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

40
Q

A Synthesis Reaction

A

Results from combining two or more substances to form a more complex substance A + B  AB

41
Q

A Decomposition Reaction

A

Results from breaking down a substance into two or more simpler substances AB  A + B

42
Q

An Exchange Reaction

A

The decomposition of two substances and, in exchange, synthesis of two new compounds from them
AB + CD  AD + CB

43
Q

Reversible Reactions

A

Occur in both directions

44
Q

Metabolism

A

Describes all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells

45
Q

Catabolism

A

Chemical reactions that break down complex compounds into simpler ones and release energy
Some of the energy released is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
Ultimately, the end products of catabolism are carbon dioxide, water, and other waste products
ex. Hydrolysis

46
Q

Anabolism

A

A chemical reaction that joins simple molecules to form more complex molecules
Ex. dehydration synthesis (condensation)

47
Q

ATP

A

molecules provide the energy needed to join monosaccharide units to form larger carbohydrates, fuse amino acids into peptide chains, and form fat molecules from glycerol and fatty acid subunits

48
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

Few have carbon atoms and none have C—C or C—H bonds

49
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Have at least one carbon atom and at least one C—C or C—H bond in each molecule
Often have functional groups attached to the carbon-containing core of the molecule

50
Q

Polarity

A

Allows water to act as an effective solvent in the body

Ionizes substances in solution, allows transportation of essential materials throughout the body

51
Q

High Specific Heat

A

Enables the body to maintain a relatively constant temperature, water can lose and gain large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature

52
Q

High Heat of Vaporization

A

Allows the body to dissipate excess heat, water requires the absorption of significant amounts of heat to change it from a liquid to a gas

53
Q

The most abundant and most important compound in the body is…….?

A

Water, % of Body weight that is water is 70%.

54
Q

Oxygen

A

Required to complete the decomposition reactions necessary for the release of energy in the body

55
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

Produced as a waste product and also helps maintain the appropriate acid-base balance in the body

56
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that dissociate in solution to form ions; the resulting ions are also sometimes called electrolytes, are a large group of inorganic compounds that include acids, bases, and salts

57
Q

Acids

A

Substances that release a hydrogen ion (H+) when in solution – proton donors, taste sour

58
Q

Bases

A

Electrolytes that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions (OH–) or other electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions (H+) Bases accept hydrogen ions
Proton Acceptors

59
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

60
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ions

61
Q

pH 7

A

neutrality (equal amounts of H+ and OH–)

62
Q

pH less than 7

A

Indicates acidity

63
Q

A pH higher than 7

A

Indicates alkalinity

64
Q

Hydrochloric Acid

pH 0

A

Acidic

65
Q

Gastric Fluid

pH 1

A

Acidic

66
Q

Lemon Juice

pH 2

A

Acidic

67
Q

Vinegar

pH 3

A

Acidic

68
Q

Wine

pH 3

A

Acidic

69
Q

Beer

pH 4

A

Acidic

70
Q

Coffee

pH 5

A

Acidic

71
Q

Skin Film

pH 5

A

Acidic

72
Q

Milk

pH 6

A

Acidic

73
Q

Distilled Water

pH 7

A

Neutral

74
Q

Blood pH 7

A

Neutral

75
Q

Egg White

pH 8

A

Alkaline

76
Q

Urine

pH 6

A

Acidic

77
Q

Baking Soda

pH 8

A

Alkaline

78
Q

Pancreatic Juice

pH 8

A

Alkaline

79
Q

Borax pH 9

A

Alkaline

80
Q

Great Salt Lake

pH 10

A

Alkaline

81
Q

Milk of Magnesia

pH 10

A

Alkaline

82
Q

Household Ammonia

pH 11

A

Alkaline

83
Q

Oven Cleaner pH 13

A

Alkaline

84
Q

Lye pH 13

A

Alkaline

85
Q

Caustic Soda

pH 13

A

Alkaline

86
Q

Sodium Hydroxide

pH 14

A

Alkaline

87
Q

Tomatoes

pH 4

A

Acidic

88
Q

Orange Juice

pH 3

A

Acidic

89
Q

Buffers

A

Minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH– ions

Act as a reservoir for hydrogen ions

90
Q

Salts

A

Reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water is called a neutralization reaction

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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