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biology gcse > organization- chapter 3&4 > Flashcards

organization- chapter 3&4 Flashcards

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1
Q

order or digestive system

A 
mouth 
fillet
stomach
small intestine 
large intestine
rectum
anus
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2
Q

function of mouth

A

teeth carry out mechanical digestion and breaks down with saliva and amylase and lubricates the food

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3
Q

function of gullet

A

muscular tube squeezes the food down along the peristalsis. the ball of food is called the bolus

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4
Q

function of stomach

A

muscular bag that churns and mixes the food. DOESNT digest at this point , stomach acid (hydrochloride acid ) used to kill pathogens today percent bacteria and viruses. protease added to break down protein

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5
Q

function of small intestine

A

nutrients are absorbed through villi. lipase, carbohydrase, protease and bile added

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6
Q

function of large intestine

A

excess water is retained in body and reabsorbed into bloodstream

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7
Q

function of rectum

A

store faecal matters until ready to release

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8
Q

function of anus

A

can be relaxed to excrete faeces

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9
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells that work together with similiar structures all work together to do a similiar job

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10
Q

what is an organ system

A

group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions in the body

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11
Q

what is an enzyme

A

an enzyme is a biological catalyst because biological catalyst speed up the reaction in our bodies

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12
Q

how many times can an enzyme act as a catalyst

A

will only catalyse one reaction as others are for specific reactions based on shape as it has to be specific shape to the substrate

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13
Q

what does it mean when an enzyme has been ‘denatured’

A

the break down of the molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions, it can no longer act as a catalyst

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14
Q

where is amylase produced

A

in your salivary glands it is also made in the pancreas and lining of small intestine

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15
Q

required practical : how could u investigate effect of PH on rate of amylase

A

1) add a drop of iodine to each ‘well’ in spotting tile
2) mix the amylase solution and the starch
3) pipette a drop of the mixture into one of wells every 10 seconds
4) if starch is present iodine will be blue / black
5) starch is broken down iodine will be broken

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16
Q

where is lipase releases

A

small intestine to absorb nutrients and break down fats / oils

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17
Q

where is bile stored

A

gall bladder

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18
Q

what tubes split off trachea

A

bronchi

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19
Q

what is double circulatory system

A

one transport system carries blood from your hesrt to ur lungs and back again. this allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged with the air in the lungs. the other carries blood from your hesrt to all other organs and back again

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20
Q

why does the heart have valves

A

the heart has valves so they open correctly so blood can empty from chamber and to close properly so the blood can’t flow the wrong way

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21
Q

what are four chambers of the hesrt

A

atria, vena cava, pulmonary vein and ventricle

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22
Q

what is heart rate controlled by

A

two branches of the automatic (involuntary) nervous system

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23
Q

how are arteries adapted to carry blood away from heart

A

arteries carry oxygen and nutrients away from ur heart to your body’s tissue . arteries have a narrow internal diameter and thick muscular walls, this allows them to carry blood. veins contain valves to prevent back flow of low pressure blood

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24
Q

why do red blood cells not have a nucleus

A

red blood cells do not have a nucleus as it is the adaptation of its job. it allows red blood cells to contain more haemoglobin and therefore , carry more oxygen molecules

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25
Q

table for food tasks required practical

A

protein -biuret solution - purple/ pink if present, blue if not

starch: iodine ,blue/black if present, orange if not
(carbs)

cellulose( reducing sugars) benedict’s solution, lots brick red, little yellow when present, blue if not present

lipids (fats) ethanol - cloudy if present, clear if not

26
Q

what side of heart contains deoxygenated blood

A

left

27
Q

which parts of heart receive blood from lungs

A

pulmonary vein

28
Q

which part of heart receives blood from rest of body

A

vena cava or right

29
Q

which parts of heart pump blood into ventricles

A

atria

30
Q

why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria

A

to contain the higher pressure of blood as ventricles contain high pressure blood

31
Q

why does left ventricle have thicker wall than right ventricle

A

because it has to pump blood all around the body

32
Q

what does double circulatory system separate

A

blood with oxygen from the blood without oxygen

33
Q

what is carbohydrates made of

A

a repeating unit of simple sugars bonded together made up of single sugars like glucose or more complex like starch and cellulose

34
Q

what is lipids made of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen . they are made up of three molecules of fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol

35
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

long chains of small units called amino acids. these are around 20 diff amino acids joined together into long chains by special bonds. different arrangements of amino acids give you different proteins

36
Q

where is starch , glucose, protein found and what is it needed for

A

starch- found in carbs, needed for energy

glucose- found in carbs or fruits, needed for energy

protein- found in meat , needed for growth or to build tissue

37
Q

where are minerals , fat, fiber and vitamins found and what are they needed for

A

minerals: found in dairy, fruit & veg, needed to keep you healthy
fat: found in meat and cheese , needed for insulation and energy
fibre: needed to keep metabolism regular
vitamins: found in fruits & veg and meat, needed to stay healthy

38
Q

function of pulmonary artery

A

carry all deoxygenated blood away from hesrt to lungs

39
Q

function of pulmonary vein

A

carry all oxygenated blood to heart from lungs

40
Q

function of aorta

A

carries oxygenated blood around body

41
Q

function of vena cava

A

brings deoxygenated blood into heart

42
Q

funchion go valves

A

stop blood from going backwards

43
Q

what is a leaky hesrt and what are symptoms

A

overtime they start to leak or become stiff and not open fully making hesrt less efficient

symptoms- become breathless & without treatment will eventually die

44
Q

what are disadvantages of leaky heart

A

you have to take medicine for rest of ur life to prevent blood from clotting. biological valves are taken from pigs or cattle, or even human donors. there work well and patient does not need any medicixatiob but only lasts for 12-15 years

45
Q

where is ur natural pacemaker found and what does it do

A

right atrium of ur hesrt and it sends electrical impulses down to ur heart

46
Q

what is an artificial heart and why might it be used

A

mechanical hesrt used by a machine to replace ur natural heart if it stops working

used to support your natural heart until it can be replaced. artificial hearts need a lot of machinery to keep them working

47
Q

benefits and drawbacks of artificial hearts

A

risk of blood clotting which can lead to death, don’t always need transport as in 2011 , someone carried artificial heart in back pack keeping him alive for two years until he had a heart transplant . can also be used to give diseased heart a rest

48
Q

why might someone need an artificial pacemaker

A

if problems with rhythm of heart beat occur like heart beating too slowly, too fast, it can’t pump blood properly. electrical device used to correct irregularities in heart rate

49
Q

how does artificial pacemaker work

A

implanted in ur chest weighing between 20 &50 g attached to your heart by two wires. sends strong , regular electrical signals to ur heart that stimulate it to beat properly. modern ones are often very sensitive to what ur body needs

50
Q

equation for magnification

A

magnification = eyepiece X objective lens

51
Q

function of waxy cuticle

A

outer surface of leaf. prevents water loss within the leaf by evaporation. transparent to allow sunlight in

(plants that live entirely in water do not have a waxy cuticle )

52
Q

function of spongy mesophyll

A

not packed tightly together , allows carbon dioxide to reach the palisade cells for photosynthesis. tissue contains irregularly shaped cells with few chloroplasts

loss of air soace, co2 in O2 out ((has exchange)

53
Q

function of guard cell and stomata

A

carbon dioxide and oxygen can’t just diffuse into the leaf. they have to be let in through special doors called stomata. stomata are usually concentrated on bottom of leaf to limit water loss guard cells surround & each stoma, they open and close stomata

54
Q

function of palisade cells

A

top layer of cells in leaf. specially adapted to make most of light conditions they receive. have more chloroplasts than other plant cells to catch as much sunlight as possible for photosynthesis

they are more block shaped so many can be packed into top layer of leaf

55
Q

function of xylem and phloem

A

xylem moves water and solutes from roots to leave and phloem moves food substances from leaves to rest of plant

water is absorbed from soil through root hair cells, transported through xylem vessels up stem to leaves

phloem vessels involved in translocation. movement of food substances from stems to growing tissues and storage tissue

56
Q

how can gas exchange work efficiently

A

for gas exchange system to work efficiently you need a large difference in concentration of the gas on different sides of exchange membrane ( a steep concentration gradient ) by changing composition of air in the lungs they maintain a steep concentration gradient for both ofxygen diffusing into blood and carbon dioxide diffusing out of blood

57
Q

the gas dxahcnge system function

A

your lungs are found in your chest (or thorax) and are protected by your rib cage. they are separated from the digestive organs beneath by diaphragm. the diaphragm is a strong sheet of muscle

58
Q

what is job of ventilation system

A

ventilation system is to move air in and out of ur lungs which provide an efficient surfacd for gas exchange in the alveoli. ventilating the lungs is brought about by the concentration and relation of the intercostal muscles between the ribs and diaphragm , changing the pressure inside the chest cavity so air is forced in or out of lungs as a result of differences in pressure

59
Q

adaptions of alveoli in gas exchange

A
  • very large surface area important for achieving most effective diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • has a rich supply of blood capillaries, maintains a concentration gradient in both directions
  • layer of cells between air in lungs and blood in capillaries is also very thin (only one cell wide) this allows diffusion to take place over the shortest possible distance
60
Q

define gas exchange

A

the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the alveoli during respiration

biology gcse (5 decks)

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