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biology gcse > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are 7 processes of life for living organisms?

A

MRS GREN

movement- all living things move, even plants
respiration- getting energy from food
sensitivity- detecting changes in surroundings
growth-all living things grow
reproduction- making more living things of same type
excretion- getting rid of waste
nutrition- taking in anc using food

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2
Q

what are cells and what do you use to see them?

A

cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants. they are so small you need to use a light microscope to see them

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3
Q

process of microscope?

A

1- object is placed on a rectangular glass slide

2- the slide is packed on a stage w light source below

3-light shins through the object and into objective lens

4- light passes through eyepiece lens and from there into ur eye

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4
Q

how do you make a slide (microscope)

A

1- cut open onion
2- use forceps to peel a thing layer from the inside
3- spread out the layer on a microscope slide
4-add a drop of iodine solution to the layer
5- carefully place a cover slip over the layer

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5
Q

how can you spot difference of animal and plant cells by shape?

A

animal cells= irregular shape

plant cells= regular shape

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6
Q

what do both animal and plant cells contain in their cytoplasm?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

what do animal and plant cells both contain?

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria

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8
Q

what do only plant cells contain?

A

cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts

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9
Q

function of cell membrane?

A

controls the movement of the substances into and out of the cell

found in plant & animal cells

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10
Q

function of cytoplasm?

A

jelly like substance, where chemical reactions happen

found in plant & animal cells

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11
Q

function of nucleus?

A

carries genetic information and controls what happens inside cells

found in plant and animal cells

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12
Q

function of mitochondria ?

A

where most respiration reactions happen

found in plant and animal cells

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13
Q

functiob of vacuole?

A

contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the cell firm

found in plant cells

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14
Q

function of cell wall?

A

made of a tough substance called cellulose, which supports cell

found in plant cells only

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15
Q

what are the specialised cells?

A

epithelial, liver, fat, cartilage, nerve, bone, smooth muscle cell

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16
Q

function of red blood cells?

A

to carry oxygens, large surface area for oxygen to pass through, has no nucleus

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17
Q

what is a unicellular organism and what are different types?

A

a unicellular organism is a living thing that is just one cell,

e.g- bacteria, unicellular fungi

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18
Q

multicellular organism are organized in what order?

A 
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
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19
Q

what is a living tissue made from?

A

a group of cells with a similiar structure and function, which all work together to do a particular job.

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20
Q

what are some examples of tissues?

A
  • muscles
  • intenstine lining
  • lining of lungs
  • xylem
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21
Q

what is an organ made from?

A

a group of different tissues which all work together to do a particular job?

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22
Q

examples of organs?

A

heart, lung, stomach, brain, leaf, root

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23
Q

what is an organelle

A

structures found inside the cell , e.g ribosomes nucleus and mitochondria

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24
Q

what are ribosomes

A

sight for protein synthesis

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25
Q

what is magnification

A

how much a microscope zooms in

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26
Q

equation for magnification

A

magnification
of eyepiece X magnification of
lens objective lense

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27
Q

how is sperm adapted to its function

A

tail , size , amount of genetic info

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28
Q

what is sperm function

A

to swim and fertilize the egg

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29
Q

how are nerve cells adapted to its function

A

long fibre and tiny branches

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30
Q

what is nerve cells function

A

carry electrical impulses from one place to another

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31
Q

how are egg cells adapted to its function

A

large number of mitochondria to supply energy needed for movement

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32
Q

what is egg cell function

A

to join with the sperm during fertilization

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33
Q

how are white blood cells adapted to function

A

they change shape so they can rap around microbes

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34
Q

function of white blood cells

A

help protect the body

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35
Q

how are microbes adapted to function

A

regulation of their gene expression

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36
Q

function of microbe

A

cells which breaks down stuff

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37
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can turn into specific cells as the body needs them.

38
Q

what are stem cells used for

A

they regenerate organs or tissues

39
Q

where do y find stem cells

A

bones skin muscle and teeth

40
Q

why are stem feels important in medicine

A

because they have the potential to regenerate and repair damaged tissues

41
Q

why do some ppl disagree w stem cells

A

bc they think it is killing a baby

42
Q

advantages of stem cells

A

adult stem cells have low rejection rates

lots of medical benefits

research can lead to close human diseases

can learn how human cells work

43
Q

disadvantages of stem cells

A

embryonic have high rejection rate

costly process

unknown long term side effects

treatment is unproven commodity

obtaining any form of stem cells is a difficult process

44
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46 which is 23 pairs

45
Q

what are alleles

A

pair of genes that code for the same features

46
Q

what is a mutation

A

damaged DNA or changes in the DNA structure

47
Q

what does the 23rd pair of chromosomes contain

A

the sex/ gender chromosomes called x and y

x x = girl

x y = boy

48
Q

why is the human genome project important.

A

includes scientific study of complex diseases such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes and cancer because these diseases are caused by a combination of genetic factors.

49
Q

what do genetic tests help do

A
  • diagnose disease
  • identify gene chances that are responsible for already diagnosed
  • determine severity of a disease
  • identify gene changes that may increase the risk to develop a disease

-screen newborn babies for certain conditions

50
Q

ethical issues of human genome project

A

ethical issues surrounding the design and conduct of genetic research with the people including the process of informed consent

51
Q

describe eukaryotic cells

A

animal and plant cells are examples of these, eukaryotic cells all have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus. all animals (including human ) plants, fungi and protista are eukaryotes

52
Q

describe prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and single called living organisms, you cannot see them without a powerful microscope. bacteria have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall but the cell wall doesn’t contain cellulose you see in plant cells. in prokaryotic cells there isn’t genetic material in nucleus. the bacterial chromosome is a single DNA loop found free in the cytoplasm

53
Q

what may prokaryotic cells also contain

A

extra small rings of DNA called plasmids. plasmids code for very specific features such an antibiotic resistance

54
Q

what is a flagellum and what does it do

A

a flagellum is a long protein strand that lashes about. these bacteria use their flagella to move themselves around.

55
Q

do bacteria affect other organisms

A

many bacteria have little or no effect on other organisms and many are very useful but some are very harmful. they can cause diseases in humans animals and plants. they can also decompose and destroy stored foods

56
Q

triangle for magnification and what do they all stand for

A

I
A M

i = imagine printed 
a = actual real size
m = magnification
57
Q

what is resolving power

A

the minimum distance between two points. our eyes can’t see difference between cells

58
Q

what are root hair cells abs where do u find them

A

you find root hair cells close to the tips of growing roots. plants need to take in lots of water ( and dissolved mineral ions ) the root hair cells help them to take up water and mineral ions more effectively. root hair cells are always close to xylem tissue

59
Q

what are photosynthetic cells

A

photosynthetic cells usually have a number of adaptations including : they contain chloroplasts that trap light needed , positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and putter layers of stem to absorb as much light as possible

60
Q

what are Xylem cells

A

xylem is the transport tissue in planes that carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots. it is important in supporting the plant

61
Q

what are phloem cells

A

phloem is the specialized transport tissue that carries the food made by photosynthesis around the body of the pant. it is made up of phloem cells that form tubes like xylem cells but phloem cells do not become lignified and die

62
Q

What do root hair cells contain

A

root hair , nucleus, large permanent vacuole , mitochondria

63
Q

what do photosynthetic cells contain

A

cellulose cell wall , cytoplasm , nucleus , permanent vacuole, chloroplasts, cell membrane

64
Q

what do xylem cells contain

A

hollow tube of xylem, cell wall, lingin spirals

65
Q

what is diffusion

A

when particles spread out and occupy space available. it is the spreading out of a gas or of any substance in solution ( a solute ) this results in the net movement (overall movement) of particles. the motion of the particles causes them to bump into each other and this moves them all around

66
Q

what are the rates of diffusion

A

if there is a big difference in concentration between two areas , diffusion will take place quickly. many particles will move randomly towards the area of low concentration

67
Q

things that effect diffusion (4)

A
  • the bigger the concentration difference
  • increasing surface area
  • heating up the particles
  • the distance the particles need to diffuse over - eg. one cell is best , 10 cells would make diffusion take longer
68
Q

what is mitosis

A

replication of cells in the body, cloning cells - mitosis is all cells except sperm and egg as they can’t be cloned

69
Q

which 3 cells can be grown

A

hair bone and nails

70
Q

which 3 cells can be repaired

A

muscles bone skin

71
Q

which 4 cells can be replaced

A

skin , teeth (x1) , blood , hair

72
Q

what is mitosis a form of

A

asexual reproduction (cloning)

73
Q

7 steps of mitosis

A
  1. chromosomes get thicker
  2. they are replicated and can now b seen as X shapes
  3. nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes line up on the spindle. chromosomes are pulled to opposite end of cell
  4. spindle attaches to chromosomes and starts to pull
  5. chromosomes go to polls of the cell
  6. cytokinesis happens and the cell begins to split
  7. two daughter cells (genetically identical) nucleus returns
74
Q

definition of diffusion

A

movement of particles down a gradient from a high concentration to a low concentration gradient until an equilibrium is reached

75
Q

definition of osmosis

A

the movement of water particles across a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration of water molecules to a low concentration of water molecules

76
Q

what is a semi permeable membrane

A

only allows certain particles to pass through

77
Q

what is a solute

A

fewer particles of

78
Q

what is a solvent of

A

more particles of

79
Q

what is hypotonic

A

low level of solutes, higher concentration of water

80
Q

what is isotonic

A

same levels of solutes

81
Q

what is hypertonic

A

high level of solutes , lower concentration of water

82
Q

what is independent variable

A

variable that is changed or controlled, on x-axis and unit ( time )

83
Q

what is dependent variable

A

variable being tested and measured on y-axis and unit (temp )

84
Q

how do we find change in mass

A

final mass- initial mass

85
Q

how do we find % change in mass or length

A

change in mass
divided by X 100
initial mass

86
Q

what is active transport

A

particles move up to the gradient from few particles to many. it does this using energy from respiration

87
Q

what can single-felled organisms obtain

A

nutrients and excrete waste simply by diffusion across external surfaces

88
Q

what is an example of diffusion

A

the pizza can be smelt from a distance by a student because molecules are moving away from it and spreading out in the air.

89
Q

does diffusion require energy

A

no it is a passive process

90
Q

when is there no longer a concentration gradient

A

when all the molecules are evenly spread out

biology gcse (5 decks)

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