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chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are 7 processes of life for living organisms?

A

MRS GREN

movement- all living things move, even plants
respiration- getting energy from food
sensitivity- detecting changes in surroundings
growth-all living things grow
reproduction- making more living things of same type
excretion- getting rid of waste
nutrition- taking in anc using food

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2
Q

what are cells and what do you use to see them?

A

cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants. they are so small you need to use a light microscope to see them

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3
Q

process of microscope?

A

1- object is placed on a rectangular glass slide

2- the slide is packed on a stage w light source below

3-light shins through the object and into objective lens

4- light passes through eyepiece lens and from there into ur eye

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4
Q

how do you make a slide (microscope)

A

1- cut open onion
2- use forceps to peel a thing layer from the inside
3- spread out the layer on a microscope slide
4-add a drop of iodine solution to the layer
5- carefully place a cover slip over the layer

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5
Q

how can you spot difference of animal and plant cells by shape?

A

animal cells= irregular shape

plant cells= regular shape

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6
Q

what do both animal and plant cells contain in their cytoplasm?

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

what do animal and plant cells both contain?

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria

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8
Q

what do only plant cells contain?

A

cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts

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9
Q

function of cell membrane?

A

controls the movement of the substances into and out of the cell

found in plant & animal cells

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10
Q

function of cytoplasm?

A

jelly like substance, where chemical reactions happen

found in plant & animal cells

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11
Q

function of nucleus?

A

carries genetic information and controls what happens inside cells

found in plant and animal cells

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12
Q

function of mitochondria ?

A

where most respiration reactions happen

found in plant and animal cells

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13
Q

functiob of vacuole?

A

contains a liquid called cell sap, which keeps the cell firm

found in plant cells

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14
Q

function of cell wall?

A

made of a tough substance called cellulose, which supports cell

found in plant cells only

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15
Q

what are the specialised cells?

A

epithelial, liver, fat, cartilage, nerve, bone, smooth muscle cell

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16
Q

function of red blood cells?

A

to carry oxygens, large surface area for oxygen to pass through, has no nucleus

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17
Q

what is a unicellular organism and what are different types?

A

a unicellular organism is a living thing that is just one cell,

e.g- bacteria, unicellular fungi

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18
Q

multicellular organism are organized in what order?

A 
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
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19
Q

what is a living tissue made from?

A

a group of cells with a similiar structure and function, which all work together to do a particular job.

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20
Q

what are some examples of tissues?

A
  • muscles
  • intenstine lining
  • lining of lungs
  • xylem
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21
Q

what is an organ made from?

A

a group of different tissues which all work together to do a particular job?

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22
Q

examples of organs?

A

heart, lung, stomach, brain, leaf, root

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23
Q

what is an organelle

A

structures found inside the cell , e.g ribosomes nucleus and mitochondria

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24
Q

what are ribosomes

A

sight for protein synthesis

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25
what is magnification
how much a microscope zooms in
26
equation for magnification
magnification of eyepiece X magnification of lens objective lense
27
how is sperm adapted to its function
tail , size , amount of genetic info
28
what is sperm function
to swim and fertilize the egg
29
how are nerve cells adapted to its function
long fibre and tiny branches
30
what is nerve cells function
carry electrical impulses from one place to another
31
how are egg cells adapted to its function
large number of mitochondria to supply energy needed for movement
32
what is egg cell function
to join with the sperm during fertilization
33
how are white blood cells adapted to function
they change shape so they can rap around microbes
34
function of white blood cells
help protect the body
35
how are microbes adapted to function
regulation of their gene expression
36
function of microbe
cells which breaks down stuff
37
what are stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can turn into specific cells as the body needs them.
38
what are stem cells used for
they regenerate organs or tissues
39
where do y find stem cells
bones skin muscle and teeth
40
why are stem feels important in medicine
because they have the potential to regenerate and repair damaged tissues
41
why do some ppl disagree w stem cells
bc they think it is killing a baby
42
advantages of stem cells
adult stem cells have low rejection rates lots of medical benefits research can lead to close human diseases can learn how human cells work
43
disadvantages of stem cells
embryonic have high rejection rate costly process unknown long term side effects treatment is unproven commodity obtaining any form of stem cells is a difficult process
44
how many chromosomes do humans have
46 which is 23 pairs
45
what are alleles
pair of genes that code for the same features
46
what is a mutation
damaged DNA or changes in the DNA structure
47
what does the 23rd pair of chromosomes contain
the sex/ gender chromosomes called x and y x x = girl x y = boy
48
why is the human genome project important.
includes scientific study of complex diseases such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes and cancer because these diseases are caused by a combination of genetic factors.
49
what do genetic tests help do
- diagnose disease - identify gene chances that are responsible for already diagnosed - determine severity of a disease - identify gene changes that may increase the risk to develop a disease -screen newborn babies for certain conditions
50
ethical issues of human genome project
ethical issues surrounding the design and conduct of genetic research with the people including the process of informed consent
51
describe eukaryotic cells
animal and plant cells are examples of these, eukaryotic cells all have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material that is enclosed in a nucleus. all animals (including human ) plants, fungi and protista are eukaryotes
52
describe prokaryotic cells
bacteria and single called living organisms, you cannot see them without a powerful microscope. bacteria have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall but the cell wall doesn’t contain cellulose you see in plant cells. in prokaryotic cells there isn’t genetic material in nucleus. the bacterial chromosome is a single DNA loop found free in the cytoplasm
53
what may prokaryotic cells also contain
extra small rings of DNA called plasmids. plasmids code for very specific features such an antibiotic resistance
54
what is a flagellum and what does it do
a flagellum is a long protein strand that lashes about. these bacteria use their flagella to move themselves around.
55
do bacteria affect other organisms
many bacteria have little or no effect on other organisms and many are very useful but some are very harmful. they can cause diseases in humans animals and plants. they can also decompose and destroy stored foods
56
triangle for magnification and what do they all stand for
I A M ``` i = imagine printed a = actual real size m = magnification ```
57
what is resolving power
the minimum distance between two points. our eyes can’t see difference between cells
58
what are root hair cells abs where do u find them
you find root hair cells close to the tips of growing roots. plants need to take in lots of water ( and dissolved mineral ions ) the root hair cells help them to take up water and mineral ions more effectively. root hair cells are always close to xylem tissue
59
what are photosynthetic cells
photosynthetic cells usually have a number of adaptations including : they contain chloroplasts that trap light needed , positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and putter layers of stem to absorb as much light as possible
60
what are Xylem cells
xylem is the transport tissue in planes that carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots. it is important in supporting the plant
61
what are phloem cells
phloem is the specialized transport tissue that carries the food made by photosynthesis around the body of the pant. it is made up of phloem cells that form tubes like xylem cells but phloem cells do not become lignified and die
62
What do root hair cells contain
root hair , nucleus, large permanent vacuole , mitochondria
63
what do photosynthetic cells contain
cellulose cell wall , cytoplasm , nucleus , permanent vacuole, chloroplasts, cell membrane
64
what do xylem cells contain
hollow tube of xylem, cell wall, lingin spirals
65
what is diffusion
when particles spread out and occupy space available. it is the spreading out of a gas or of any substance in solution ( a solute ) this results in the net movement (overall movement) of particles. the motion of the particles causes them to bump into each other and this moves them all around
66
what are the rates of diffusion
if there is a big difference in concentration between two areas , diffusion will take place quickly. many particles will move randomly towards the area of low concentration
67
things that effect diffusion (4)
- the bigger the concentration difference - increasing surface area - heating up the particles - the distance the particles need to diffuse over - eg. one cell is best , 10 cells would make diffusion take longer
68
what is mitosis
replication of cells in the body, cloning cells - mitosis is all cells except sperm and egg as they can’t be cloned
69
which 3 cells can be grown
hair bone and nails
70
which 3 cells can be repaired
muscles bone skin
71
which 4 cells can be replaced
skin , teeth (x1) , blood , hair
72
what is mitosis a form of
asexual reproduction (cloning)
73
7 steps of mitosis
1. chromosomes get thicker 2. they are replicated and can now b seen as X shapes 3. nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes line up on the spindle. chromosomes are pulled to opposite end of cell 4. spindle attaches to chromosomes and starts to pull 5. chromosomes go to polls of the cell 6. cytokinesis happens and the cell begins to split 7. two daughter cells (genetically identical) nucleus returns
74
definition of diffusion
movement of particles down a gradient from a high concentration to a low concentration gradient until an equilibrium is reached
75
definition of osmosis
the movement of water particles across a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration of water molecules to a low concentration of water molecules
76
what is a semi permeable membrane
only allows certain particles to pass through
77
what is a solute
fewer particles of
78
what is a solvent of
more particles of
79
what is hypotonic
low level of solutes, higher concentration of water
80
what is isotonic
same levels of solutes
81
what is hypertonic
high level of solutes , lower concentration of water
82
what is independent variable
variable that is changed or controlled, on x-axis and unit ( time )
83
what is dependent variable
variable being tested and measured on y-axis and unit (temp )
84
how do we find change in mass
final mass- initial mass
85
how do we find % change in mass or length
change in mass divided by X 100 initial mass
86
what is active transport
particles move up to the gradient from few particles to many. it does this using energy from respiration
87
what can single-felled organisms obtain
nutrients and excrete waste simply by diffusion across external surfaces
88
what is an example of diffusion
the pizza can be smelt from a distance by a student because molecules are moving away from it and spreading out in the air.
89
does diffusion require energy
no it is a passive process
90
when is there no longer a concentration gradient
when all the molecules are evenly spread out

biology gcse (5 decks)

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