Organismal Biology Flashcards
taxonomy
classification of organisms
binomial nomenclature
naming of all organisms with genus and species
plants
photosynthetic
have cellulose in their cell walls
algae
nonvascular
group composed of single and multi cellular organisms which live in water
include photosynthetic protozoans (diatoms and dinoflagellates) and primitive plants with no true leaves or roots (seaweed) which live in aquatic environments
byrophytes (mosses)
nonvascular stoneworts small, primitive plants that live on land must live near water but not in it have cuticle to prevent water loss rhizoids instead of roots don't have vascular tissues alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction
vascular plants
more complex than nonvascular
have vascular tissues which transport water and nutrients
roots absorb water, minerals and nutrients
root hairs increase surface area for absorption
leaves allow CO2 to diffuse in and O2 to diffuse out
ferns
vascular
most primitive vascular plants
don’t have seeds
use spores and undergo alternation of generations
gymnosperms
vascular
have cones rather than flowers (pine trees) that are involved in the development of their seeds
angiosperms
vascular
flowering plants
most plants belong to this category
belong to 2 subgroups: monocots (grasses, palms, and relatives) and dicots (fruits, vegetables, and a wide range of plants)
xylem
tissue of vascular plants that transports water
phloem
tissue of vascular plants that transports nutrients
wood
tissue of vascular plants that is for structural support
also have an epidermis for covering
animals
all are multi-cellular
sponges
invertebrates
the most primitive animals
aquatic
filter-feeders
cnidarians
invertebrates include corals, jellyfish, and anemones all are marine very simple organisms characteristics include radial symmetry and stinging cells called nematocysts
flatworms
invertebrates
simple structure
first group with bilateral symmetry
many parasitic members (e.g. tapeworm)
roundworms
invertebrates
also known as nematodes
many parasitic members (e.g. hookworm)
molluscs
large and diverse group
members range from clams to snails to squid
classic features include a shell and a head-foot
annelid worms
invertebrates
segmented worms
the most complex group of worms
includes earthworms and leeches
arthropods
invertebrates
single largest group
75-80% of all animals are arthropods
include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans
classic features include segmentation, specialized body regions, an exoskeleton, and metamorphosis in order to grow
exoskeleton
must be shed and reformed in a process called molting
echinoderms
invertebrates all marine an unusual group includes starfish and sea urchins characteristics include radial symmetry, spiny skin, and water-vascular system
vertebrates
belong to the chordates group
characteristics: dorsal nerve cord, notochord (semi-rigid structure for support), tail, and segmentation
fish
vertebrates
most primitive vertebrates
all other groups evolved from fish
amphibians
vertebrates
live on land and in or near water
smooth, moist skin
include frogs and salamanders
reptiles
vertebrates
first group of “full time” terrestrial animals
skin with scales
eggs with shells
include turtles, snakes, lizards and crocodiles
birds
vertebrates
feathers, flight, high metabolic rate, skeleton specialized for flight
first group of warm-blooded animals
mammals
vertebrates
most highly advanced vertebrates
hair, mammary glands, placenta for feeding the developing fetus, warm-blooded
teeth with different functions, ratio of different types of teeth depends on the diet of the animal
embryology
process by which the fertilized egg undergoes cleavage to become a multicellular embryo
later the cells differentiate and the embryo organizes into 3 tissues or germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
ectoderm
outside layer
gives rise to structures such as the nervous system and the outer layers of the skin
endoderm
inner layer
gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and some associated structures
mesoderm
middle layer
forms muscle and most organ systems
