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PCAT > Organismal Biology > Flashcards

Organismal Biology Flashcards

1
Q

taxonomy

A

classification of organisms

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2
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

naming of all organisms with genus and species

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3
Q

plants

A

photosynthetic

have cellulose in their cell walls

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4
Q

algae

A

nonvascular
group composed of single and multi cellular organisms which live in water
include photosynthetic protozoans (diatoms and dinoflagellates) and primitive plants with no true leaves or roots (seaweed) which live in aquatic environments

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5
Q

byrophytes (mosses)

A 
nonvascular
stoneworts
small, primitive plants that live on land
must live near water but not in it
have cuticle to prevent water loss
rhizoids instead of roots
don't have vascular tissues
alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction
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6
Q

vascular plants

A

more complex than nonvascular
have vascular tissues which transport water and nutrients
roots absorb water, minerals and nutrients
root hairs increase surface area for absorption
leaves allow CO2 to diffuse in and O2 to diffuse out

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7
Q

ferns

A

vascular
most primitive vascular plants
don’t have seeds
use spores and undergo alternation of generations

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8
Q

gymnosperms

A

vascular

have cones rather than flowers (pine trees) that are involved in the development of their seeds

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9
Q

angiosperms

A

vascular
flowering plants
most plants belong to this category
belong to 2 subgroups: monocots (grasses, palms, and relatives) and dicots (fruits, vegetables, and a wide range of plants)

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10
Q

xylem

A

tissue of vascular plants that transports water

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11
Q

phloem

A

tissue of vascular plants that transports nutrients

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12
Q

wood

A

tissue of vascular plants that is for structural support

also have an epidermis for covering

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13
Q

animals

A

all are multi-cellular

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14
Q

sponges

A

invertebrates
the most primitive animals
aquatic
filter-feeders

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15
Q

cnidarians

A 
invertebrates 
include corals, jellyfish, and anemones
all are marine
very simple organisms
characteristics include radial symmetry and stinging cells called nematocysts
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16
Q

flatworms

A

invertebrates
simple structure
first group with bilateral symmetry
many parasitic members (e.g. tapeworm)

17
Q

roundworms

A

invertebrates
also known as nematodes
many parasitic members (e.g. hookworm)

18
Q

molluscs

A

large and diverse group
members range from clams to snails to squid
classic features include a shell and a head-foot

19
Q

annelid worms

A

invertebrates
segmented worms
the most complex group of worms
includes earthworms and leeches

20
Q

arthropods

A

invertebrates
single largest group
75-80% of all animals are arthropods
include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans
classic features include segmentation, specialized body regions, an exoskeleton, and metamorphosis in order to grow

21
Q

exoskeleton

A

must be shed and reformed in a process called molting

22
Q

echinoderms

A 
invertebrates 
all marine
an unusual group
includes starfish and sea urchins
characteristics include radial symmetry, spiny skin, and water-vascular system
23
Q

vertebrates

A

belong to the chordates group

characteristics: dorsal nerve cord, notochord (semi-rigid structure for support), tail, and segmentation

24
Q

fish

A

vertebrates
most primitive vertebrates
all other groups evolved from fish

25
Q

amphibians

A

vertebrates
live on land and in or near water
smooth, moist skin
include frogs and salamanders

26
Q

reptiles

A

vertebrates
first group of “full time” terrestrial animals
skin with scales
eggs with shells
include turtles, snakes, lizards and crocodiles

27
Q

birds

A

vertebrates
feathers, flight, high metabolic rate, skeleton specialized for flight
first group of warm-blooded animals

28
Q

mammals

A

vertebrates
most highly advanced vertebrates
hair, mammary glands, placenta for feeding the developing fetus, warm-blooded
teeth with different functions, ratio of different types of teeth depends on the diet of the animal

29
Q

embryology

A

process by which the fertilized egg undergoes cleavage to become a multicellular embryo
later the cells differentiate and the embryo organizes into 3 tissues or germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

30
Q

ectoderm

A

outside layer

gives rise to structures such as the nervous system and the outer layers of the skin

31
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer

gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and some associated structures

32
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer

forms muscle and most organ systems

PCAT (11 decks)

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