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PCAT > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A

holds in the internal contents of the cell and regulates what gets into and out of the cell

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2
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

2 layers of phospholipids
flexible
fluid mosaic model

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3
Q

cholesterol

A

integral part of the cell membrane

keeps it flexible

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4
Q

membrane proteins

A

associated with the membrane
some on the outside, some on the inside, and some are transmembrane proteins
functions: act as receptors, act as channels for ions and other materials to cross the membrane, signal across the membrane

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5
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport

molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration to reach equilibrium

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6
Q

osmosis

A

passive transport

movement of water across cell membrane

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7
Q

isotonic

A

equal salt concentration inside and outside the cell

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8
Q

hypotonic

A

salt concentrations outside the cell are less than those inside the cell
water moves inside the cell
cell will swell and may burst

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9
Q

hypertonic

A

salt concentrations outside the cell are greater than those inside the cell
water will move outside the cell
cell will shrink

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10
Q

active transport

A

requires energy-ATP
transmembrane proteins act as pumps
brings materials into the cell or pump out materials such as ions to maintain unequal concentrations (e.g. K+ and NA+ inside and outside neurons)

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11
Q

endocytosis

A

bringing something into the cell across the membrane

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12
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

allows the cell to bring in specific materials that it needs
molecule binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell that triggers the receptor and the material bound to it will be brought in through the cell membrane to the inside of the cell

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13
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs solid material and brings it in through the cell membrane and breaks it down

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14
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell engulf liquid material

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15
Q

exocytosis

A

something from the inside of the cell is released to the outside

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid or gel inside the cell

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

very small
made of 2 circular subunits
found free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
make proteins

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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

stack of folded interconnected membranes
start at the edge of the nuclear membrane
rough-covered with ribosomes to make protein
smooth-make lipids

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19
Q

golgi aparatus

A

series of stacked, folded membranes (smaller than ER)
adds sugar to molecules
packages material for movement to another part of the cell or release from the cell (material is placed in a vesicle then moved elsewhere)

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20
Q

lysosomes

A

small, rounded, membrane-bound structures

contain digestive enzymes and other molecules to break down things ingested by the cell

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21
Q

vacuoles

A

membrane-bound bubble within a cell that stores something

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22
Q

mitochondria

A

kidney-shaped, contain highly infolded internal membranes called cristae
produce ATP

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23
Q

cristae

A

sides for metabolic enzymes to attach and function

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24
Q

chloroplasts

A

specialized structure for carrying out photosynthesis

contain chlorophyll

25
Q

cytoskeleton

A

group of different protein strands- microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
internal skeleton provides structure for cell
moves materials from place to place within the cell
moves the cell

26
Q

nucleus

A

composed of nuclear membrane and chromosomes

27
Q

nuclear membrane

A

membrane that surrounds the chromosomes

in it are nuclear pores (small holes that allow material to pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm)

28
Q

chromosome

A

strand of DNA and protein

exists in a highly coiled state- supercoiled

29
Q

mitosis

A

occurs in somatic cells
diploid-2 chromosomes in pairs (2n)
replication of nucleus
phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase

30
Q

prophase

A

cell prepares to divide

nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle apparatus forms

31
Q

metaphase

A

the 2 sets of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

32
Q

anaphase

A

the 2 sets of chromosomes move apart to opposite ends

33
Q

telophase

A

the nucleus reforms and the spindle apparatus breaks down

34
Q

interphase

A

period between cell mitosis

35
Q

the cell cycle

A

phases a cell goes through

mitosis, growth, or DNA duplication

36
Q

meiosis

A

occurs in reproductive cells (germ cells, sperm and egg)

haploid-single chromosome (1n)

37
Q

cytokinesis

A

replication of the rest of the cell (cytoplasm and organelles)

38
Q

cell metabolism

A

all of the various biochemical rections taking place in a cell
anabolism and catabolism

39
Q

anabolism

A

building things up from smaller components or subunits

40
Q

catabolism

A

breaking molecules down

41
Q

enzymes

A

carry out all of the metabolic reactions in a cell

each is specific for a single reaction

42
Q

catalyst

A

lower energy needed for the reaction to happen

43
Q

substrate

A

the substance the enzyme acts upon

highly specific binding and depends on the shapes of the substrate and the enzymes active site

44
Q

coenzyme

A

organic
needed by some enzymes to function
vitamins (fat soluble-A,E,D,K and water soluble-C and B)

45
Q

cofactor

A

inorganic
mineral
needed by some enzymes to function

46
Q

feedback inhibition

A

the amount of product produced is a signal that will shut down the enzyme

47
Q

ATP

A

nucleotide used for energy transfer or short-term storage
transfer from places it’s made to places it’s needed
cleaving off one phosphate (ADP + P) releases energy
adding a phosphate restores energy
continually created and broken down in a cell

48
Q

aerobic respiration

A

catabolism
glucose and oxygen are input to make CO2 and H2O (waste)
makes energy in the form of ATP
involves glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and respiration of proteins and lipids

49
Q

glycolysis

A

catabolism
first step
glucose broken into 2 3-carbon acids (pyruvic acid)
2 ATPs are made

50
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

catabolism
citric acid cycle
2 3-carbon molecules made from glycolysis are broken and released as CO2 and 2 ATPs

51
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

catabolism
electron transport
majority of ATP made
in final step, H+ is added to oxygen and water is made

52
Q

respiration of proteins & lipids

A

catabolism

all other molecules: proteins, lipids, and other carbs are fed into some stage of this pathway

53
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

doesn’t require O2

use a different terminal acceptor in place of oxygen (sulfur or carbon)

54
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic respiration
involves glycolysis and other steps
DOES NOT go on the kreb’s cycle or electron transport chain
less efficient than aerobic, only produces 2 ATP and various organic end products

55
Q

photosynthesis

A

anabolism
sun is source of energy used to build organic molecules
CO2 and H2O are input and O2 is waste
2 phases: light and dark reaction

56
Q

light reaction

A

light is required
generates ATP
chlorophyll and accessory pigments are needed to trap the energy from different wavelengths of sunlight
water is split, protons passed through electron transport chain to generate ATP, oxygen is waste

57
Q

dark reaction

A

calvin-benson cycle
light no required
ATP generated from light reaction is used with CO2 to make sugars and other molecules

58
Q

chemosynthesis

A

unusual of anabolism
carried out by certain bacteria
photosynthesis without the sun
involves tapping into the energy of certain chemical reactions

PCAT (11 decks)

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