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PCAT > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria

A 
single celled 
members of Eubacteria and Archaea 
prokaryotes
most are decomposers
some live naturally in the human body
a few cause diseases
some can live without oxygen
some are photosynthetic and produce oxygen
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2
Q

prokaryotes

A

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes
have a cell wall
bacteria are prokaryotes

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3
Q

eukaryotes

A

have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, ribosomes, and some have a cell wall (plants and fungi)
protozoans, fungi, plants, and animals

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4
Q

bacterial cell wall

A

made up of peptidoglycan (gram + or gram -)
may have flagella, fimbrae, pilli, glycocalyx
internally-single chromosome (circular, free floating), ribosomes, some may have plasmids or endospores

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5
Q

gram +

A

thick layer of PG

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6
Q

gram -

A

thin layer of PG with an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides

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7
Q

flagella

A

for movement

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8
Q

fimbrae

A

hairlike structures for attachment to surfaces

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9
Q

pilli

A

exchange ofDNA

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10
Q

glycocalyx

A

sugar containing layer

can protect the bacteria or attach it to surfaces

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11
Q

plasmids

A

small circular piece of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome

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12
Q

endospore

A

tough survival structure

found in Bacillus and Clostridium

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13
Q

ribosome

A 
slightly smaller than those of eukaryotes
function different from ribosomes in eukaryotes
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14
Q

cocci

A

round

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15
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped

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16
Q

spirals

A

loose or tight spirals

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17
Q

Gram stain

A

positively charged stain
decolorizing with alcohol to remove stain from cells with thinner gram - walls
gram + =purple
gram - =safranin

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18
Q

eneric/coliform bacteria

A

E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella
cause infections of GI tract and serve as indicators of pollution
only found in the gut or in feces

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19
Q

Mycobacterium

A

has outer layer of waxy lipid

causes TB and leprosy

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20
Q

Clostridium

A

gram + rod

causes tetanus, botulism, and gas gangrene

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21
Q

Borrelia

A

spirochete

causes Lyme disease transmitted by a tic

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22
Q

Treponema

A

spirochete

causes syphillis

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23
Q

protozoans

A

eukaryotic
single-celled
move using flagella, cilia, or amoeboid motion

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24
Q

cyst

A

tough survival stage in protozoans

stages that transmits disease

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25
Q

trophozoite

A

stage in protozoans

in this stage when not in cyst stage

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26
Q

malaria

A

caused by protozoans

complex life cycle and mainly affects RBCs in humans and digestive tract in mosquitos

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27
Q

amebiasis

A

protozoan disease of the intestine

caused by Giardia and Cryptosporidium

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28
Q

sleeping sickness

A

protozoan disease
goes from blood to brain
transmitted by the Tse Tse fly

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29
Q

toxoplasma

A

complex life cycle involving cats

fetus can be infected if a woman gets this disease during pregnancy

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30
Q

fungi

A

single and multi cellular
decomposers-absorb nutrients from dead material
reproduce by sexual or asexual spores
spores can be involved in the transmission of fungal diseases and are most common causes of respiratory allergies

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31
Q

molds

A

multicellular fungi
composed of strands of cells all joined into one
some have chitin in their cell wall
Penicillium and mushrooms

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32
Q

yeasts

A

single-celled fungus
can carry out fermentation
important for production of bread, wine, and beer

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33
Q

lichens

A

symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae

algae provides food through photosynthesis, mold attaches to surface and absorbs nutrients

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34
Q

dermatophytes

A

fungi that cause diseases in the skin
break down keratin
ringworm-Epidermophyton and trichophyton

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35
Q

Candida

A

yeast
infects mouth, intestines, or vagina
often seen in immunosuppresed patients (HIV or chemo patients)

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36
Q

parasitic worms (helminths)

A

primitive flatworms and roundworms
lay large numbers of eggs
some form cysts inside of the tissues of their hosts which can then be involved in disease transmission

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37
Q

intestinal parasitic diseases

A

most common site for worms

Ascaris, hookworms, pinworms, and tapeworm

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38
Q

Trichinella

A

worm
acquired from eating under cooked or uncooked pork
leaves intestines and forms cysts in muscles

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39
Q

Schistosoma

A

roundworm hookworm

enter the body by drilling through skin

40
Q

tapeworms

A

acquired by eating under cooked or uncooked beef, pork, or fish

41
Q

viruses

A

smaller than all other organisms
simple structure- protein coat (capsid), nucleic acid/genome (DNA or RNA), some have an outer membrane (envelope)
not cells-no cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, or organelles
not prokaryotes or eukaryotes

42
Q

obligate intracellular paracites

A

must live inside of a host cell to help carry out normal cellular functions such as replication

43
Q

replication of viruses

A

synthesis and assembly of subunits- many copies of the parts of the virus are made inside the host cell and then put together to make many viruses

44
Q

stages of viral replication

A

attachment- host and tissue specific
penetration- virus enters host cell by endocytosis or fusion of the envelope
uncoating- genome released from inside the capsid
synthesis- host cell makes viral proteins and nucleic acid
maturation/assembly- viral subunits put together
release- virus exits host cell

45
Q

latency

A

some viruses don’t complete replication but exist as DNA inserted into the host’s DNA
virus may reactivate and replicate at a later time
e.g. herpes, HIV, and chicken pox/shingles

46
Q

viroids

A

atypical virus

made up only of small pieces of RNA with NO PROTEIN

47
Q

prions

A

atypical virus
made only of protein with NO DNA or RNA
cause destruction of the brain
e.g. BSE (mad cow disease)

48
Q

viral diseases-respiratory tract

A

influenza (changes its surface proteins often so it avoids the immune response and can infect you repeatedly) and the common cold

49
Q

viral diseases-skin

A

chicken pox, shingles, measles, rubella, warts, herpes

50
Q

viral diseases-digestive tract

A

hepatitis, mumps, gastroenteritis

51
Q

viral diseases-nervous system

A

rabies, polio, encephalitis

can also cause mononucleosis, HIV, and viral fevers (e.g. yellow fever)

52
Q

epidemiology

A

study of disease transmission

can be transmitted by contact, respiratory, enteric, environmental, or vectors

53
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing microbes

54
Q

zoonoses

A

pathogens that come from animals

55
Q

nosocomial infections

A

hospital acquired infections

56
Q

normal flora

A

the microbes that live in and on certain areas of the human body normally and are not harmful
they are beneficial

57
Q

exotoxins

A

secreted by certain bacteria

58
Q

endotoxins

A

part of the cell wall of gram - bacteria

59
Q

physical methods of controlling microbes & infections

A

heat- denatures proteins (boiling, autoclaving)
ionizing radiation- create toxic free radicals inside cells (x-rays and gamma rays)
UV radiation- damages DNA

60
Q

chemical methods of controlling microbes & infections

A

most chemicals denature proteins
e.g. alcohol, iodine, chlorine, and phenolics
hydrogen peroxide most effective against anaerobic bacteria

61
Q

antibacterial drugs

A

inhibit PG synthesis and damage cell wall (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins, and bacitracin) and are most effective against gram + bacteria and those that interfere with protein synthesis (e.g. tetracycline, erythromycin)
sulfa drugs- block DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking enzyme substrates

62
Q

antiviral drugs

A

resemble nucleotides and block DNA synthesis

e.g. acyclovir and AZT

63
Q

antifungal drugs

A

target plasma membrane of fungi

e.g. polyenes and azoles

64
Q

immunology

A

protection against disease

include the blood and certain organs

65
Q

leukocytes (WBCs)

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

66
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant type
phagocytic
protects mainly against bacteria

67
Q

eosinophils

A

contain toxic granules

protect against parasites

68
Q

basophils

A

contain granules full of histamine and other mediators that cause inflammation

69
Q

lymphocytes

A

T & B cells involved in specific immunity

NK cells involved in nonspecific immunity

70
Q

monocytes

A

can do phagocytosis or kill infected cells

leave the blood stream and become macrophages or dendritic cells

71
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

contains antibodies and complement (which triggers inflammation)

72
Q

lymph nodes

A

found in a network throughout the body
each protects a particular area or region of tissue
acts as a site for interaction between various cells of the immune system and foreign material (antigen)

73
Q

thymus

A

where T cells mature

74
Q

spleen

A 
function similar to lymph notes except it protects the blood stream instead of tissues
involved in removing old RBCs
75
Q

bone marrow

A

site where all blood cells are made (with both WBCs and RBCs)

76
Q

nonspecific defense barriers

A

first line of defense

skin, mucus lining of respiratory and GI tracts, and stomach acid

77
Q

nonspecific defense mechanisms

A 
second line of defense
includes phagocytosis (ingestion and destruction of bacteria and other materials), inflammation (protects against infection and repairs damage), fever (inhibits viral and bacterial replication), and interferons (blocks viral replication
78
Q

inflammation

A

key mechanism for tissue repair
increases in blood vessel diameter and permeability
increased blood flow to the inflamed area
deposit fluid in the inflamed area
trigger a migration of phagocytes out of the circulation to destroy any invading bacteria

79
Q

specific defenses

A

third line of defense
involves recognition and memory
response is stronger when immune system is re-exposed to a particular material
antigens-substances that the specific response recognizes and reacts to
involves T-cells and B-cells

80
Q

T-cells

A

carry out cell-mediated response
produce cytokines- signalling molecules
protect against viral, fungal, and parasitic infections

81
Q

helper T-cells

A

CD4

activate other T cells, B cells, macrophages, and NK cells

82
Q

suppressor T-cells

A

shut down other cells

83
Q

cytotoxic T-cells

A

CD8

kill virus-infected or cancer cells by binding to them and exposing them to toxins and perforins

84
Q

NK cells

A

kill virus-infected or cancer cells, but do so nonspecifically

85
Q

B-cells

A 
produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that bind specifically to antigens
protect against bacterial and viral infections
86
Q

IgA

A

protects mucous membranes

respiratory and digestive tract

87
Q

IgG

A

most common in serum

protects against toxins and can cross the placenta

88
Q

IgD

A

on the surface of B cells

89
Q

IgE

A

on the surface of mast cells and basophils and protects against parasitic infections
involved in allergies such as hay fever and food allergies

90
Q

IgM

A

largest

mainly in the blood stream

91
Q

self recognition

A

immune system recognizes things that belong in the body
only attacks those that don’t belong in the body
autoimmunity-immune system attacks itself

92
Q

nonself recognition

A

immune system recognizes things that don’t belong in the body
attacks these

93
Q

autoimmunity

A

type of immune disorder where the immune system attacks and damages some part of the body
e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, Graves disease

94
Q

hypersensitivity

A

type of immune disorder where the immune system responds to a harmless material and that reaction causes death or damage to some part of the body
e.g. hay fever, asthma, hives, food allergies, Rh disease, and contact dermatitis

95
Q

immunodeficiency

A

type of immune disorder where some part of the immune system is missing or does not work
result is recurrent infections
can be genetic or caused by outside factors such as malnutrition or infection

PCAT (11 decks)

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