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PCAT > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

tissues

A

a group of cells performing a common function

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2
Q

epithelial tissues

A

functions as a covering of either the inside or outside of the body (e.g. skin or lining of digestive tract)

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3
Q

connective tissue

A

many types-loose, dense, adipose, cartilage, bone, blood
general characteristics include connective tissue fibers (e.g. collagen) and the cells secreting materials such as ground substance (holds cells together)

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4
Q

skeletal system function

A

protection, movement, mineral storage, production of blood

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5
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells responsible for bone formation

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6
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells responsible for breaking down bone to be re-formed

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7
Q

bone formation

A

bone contains blood vessels and heals better than cartilage, which has no blood supply and needs nutrients to diffuse in

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8
Q

axial skeleton

A

composed of the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage, which includes the ribs and sternum

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9
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

the bones associated with the appendages

all of the bones not associated with the axial skeleton

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10
Q

muscle function

A

movement in different directions
typically achieved by the action of pairs of antagonistic or opposing muscles
muscles contract (shorten) to relax
contraction requires calcium

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11
Q

muscle fibers

A

bundles that make up muscles

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12
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles that make up muscle fibers

composed of actin and myosin

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13
Q

smooth muscle

A

lines the blood vessels and gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

striated muscle

A

includes skeletal muscle (movement) and cardiac muscle (pumps blood)

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15
Q

nervous system

A

sensory functions and control movement

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16
Q

sensory functions

A

sending and processing sensory information (e.g. hearing, seeing, touch, etc.)

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17
Q

controlling movement

A

sending signals to muscles to make them move

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18
Q

neuron

A 
basic unit (cell) of the nervous system
consists of a cell body, axon, and branching dendrites
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19
Q

axon

A

signal conduction

sometimes wrapped in myelin which prevents signal loss

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20
Q

dentrites

A

branch out at the end which increase the area for connecting to other neurons of muscle

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21
Q

the synapse

A

the place where signal transmission occurs

a junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a muscle

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22
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals which are stored in the synapse (in vesicles) and then released to send a signal to the next cell

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23
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter

binds to acetylcholine receptors on the receiving cell

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24
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

meninges

A

a covering of the central nervous system

surrounds the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

everything that isn’t in the central nervous system
peripheral nerves run to and from the central nervous system
the 2 types of peripheral nerves are sensory and motor

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27
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary (you don’t have to think about these)
e.g. control of heart beat, digestion, breathing
usually involves smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

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28
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary- you control this
usually involves skeletal muscle
can be subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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29
Q

sympathetic

A

usually accelerates things (e.g. heart rate)

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30
Q

parasympathetic

A

usually slows things down

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31
Q

reflexes

A

certain movements involve sensory information which is not processed by the brain
reflexes are faster because a signal does not have to be sent up to and then return from the brain
processing takes place in a region of the spinal cord

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32
Q

the brain

A

composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

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33
Q

cerebrum

A

its functions are processing sensory information and memory

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34
Q

cerebellum

A

receives information from muscles and sensory receptors

controls balance and coordinated movement

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35
Q

brain stem

A

controls many autonomic functions such as breathing and heart beat

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36
Q

eye

A

composed of cornea, lens, iris, retina, and optic nerve

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37
Q

cornea

A

front surface of the eye

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38
Q

lens

A

located within the anterior chamber of the eye

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39
Q

iris

A

controls the amount of light passing through the lens

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40
Q

retina

A

located on the posterior surface of the eye

rods and cones in the retina detect light

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41
Q

optic nerve

A

sends signals to the brain

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42
Q

outer ear

A

collects sound and sends it to the ear drum through the auditory canal

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43
Q

middle ear

A

separated from the outer ear by the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
vibrations picked up by tympanic membrane get passed through a series of small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes)
connected to the pharynx (throat) by the Eustachian tube (auditory tube)
functions to equalize pressure

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44
Q

inner ear

A

made up of cochlea and 3 semicircular canals

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45
Q

cochlea

A

processes sound and sends the information down the auditory nerve

46
Q

semicircular canals

A

function is to balance or create dynamic equilibrium

47
Q

blood

A

circulatory system
transports wastes, nutrients, and oxygen
composed of plasma, erythrocytes, and leukocytes

48
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

contains water, proteins, and electrolytes

49
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
carry oxygen via the transport protein hemoglobin
old red blood cells are removed in the liver and spleen

50
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells
most function in the immune system to protect the body against disease
some (platelets) are involved in blood clotting

51
Q

blood circulation

A

heart –> artery –> arteriole –> capillary –> venule –> vein –> back to heart

52
Q

capillaries

A

thinnest and most numerous blood vessels

53
Q

arteries

A

largest blood vessels

have a muscular wall

54
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

takes blood from the heart to the lungs and back

55
Q

oxygen poor blood (pulmonary)

A

right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

**most ARTERIES contain oxygen RICH blood, this is the exception

56
Q

oxygen rich blood (pulmonary)

A

returns from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary vein, enters the left atrium and then goes to the left ventricle
**most VEINS contain oxygen POOR blood, this is the exception

57
Q

systemic circulation

A

takes blood from the heart to the body and back

58
Q

oxygen poor blood (systemic)

A

returns from the body to the right atrium

59
Q

oxygen rich blood (systemic)

A

left ventricle pumps it to the body via the aorta (largest vessel with the highest pressure)

60
Q

respiratory system

A

brings in O2 and gets rid of CO2

61
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

consists of nasal cavity, sinuses, middle ear, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and the larynx (voice box)

62
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

consists of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm

63
Q

trachea

A

wind pipe

64
Q

bronchi

A

the trachea branches into 2 major branches call bronchi, each of which lead into a lung

65
Q

bronchioles

A

bronchi branch into these smaller tubes

66
Q

alveoli

A

the air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
gas exchange takes place here
fragile structures, only 1 cell thick for gas exchange

67
Q

diaphragm

A

a sheet of muscle that marks the boundary between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
negative pressure breathing-diaphragm drops down and creates a vacuum in the thoracic cavity which sucks in air

68
Q

gas exchange at alveoli

A

takes place by diffusion

CO2 diffuses out of the blood stream and O2 diffuses in

69
Q

endocrine system

A

controls a wide range of bodily functions-metabolism, growth, reproduction, temperature

70
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers used in endocrine system

tropic hormones affect endocrine glands

71
Q

steroidal hormones

A

produced mainly by the testes, ovaries and adrenal glands

estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone

72
Q

non-steroidal (peptide) hormones

A

all other hormones

73
Q

endocrine cells and glands

A

produce hormones which travel through the blood stream to the target organ(s) and have a specific effect on them
include hypothalamus, pituitary gland, TSH, FSH, LH, and pineal gland

74
Q

hypothalamus

A

produces various hormones which effect the pituitary gland

75
Q

pituitary gland

A

produces growth hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

76
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

77
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

controls ovulation, menstrual cycle, and sperm production

78
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

controls ovulation, menstrual cycle, and sperm production

79
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin- influences biological clock

80
Q

thyroid

A

thyroxin influences metabolism

81
Q

parathyroid

A

parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca

82
Q

adrenal glands

A

cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepherine

83
Q

cortisol

A

raises blood pressure, reduces immune function

84
Q

aldosterone

A

regulates Na/K balance in the blood

85
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepherine

A

fight or flight response to stress and acetylcholine

86
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin and glucagon for glucose metabolism

87
Q

ovary

A

estrogen- regulates menstrual cycle and reproductive system

88
Q

testes

A

testosterone- promotes tissue growth and regulates the reproductive system

89
Q

digestive system

A

functions in digesting food, metabolizing food, and excreting waste

90
Q

digestive enzymes

A

amylase and proteases

91
Q

amylase

A

enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch

92
Q

proteases

A

enzymes that break down protein

present in saliva and gastric secretions

93
Q

components of digestive system

A

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, doudenum, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

94
Q

mouth

A

teeth start the mechanical break down of food

95
Q

salivary glands

A

saliva starts the digestive process (via salivary enzymes)
saliva also acts as a lubricant
parotid is the largest of the salivary glands

96
Q

pharynx

A

throat

food passes through here from the mouth to the esophagus

97
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube which leads to the stomach

esophageal sphincter-a valve that separates it from the stomach

98
Q

stomach

A

has a muscular wall lined with mucus

contains gastric enzymes and acid (pH=1) for breaking down food

99
Q

doudenum

A

first portion of the intestine after the stomach

separated from stomach by the duodenal sphincter

100
Q

small intestine

A

ilium
this is where the majority of digestion and nutrient absorption take places
the surface is covered with thousands of finger-like projections called villi
villi increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients

101
Q

peristalsis

A

movement of material through the intestines is achieved by these musclar contractions

102
Q

large intestine

A 
colon
waste is produced here
water is absorbed
removal produces feces or stool
final portion of the large intestine is the rectum
103
Q

liver

A

important for metabolism
involved in the production and breakdown of proteins
produces and breaks down glycogen which is involved in sugar metabolism
breaks down toxins

104
Q

gallbladder

A

releases bile into the duodenum

bile is responsible for breaking down fats

105
Q

pancreas

A

produces insulin which is involved in glucose metabolism

106
Q

excretory system

A

removes waste and retains materials the body needs

contains the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

107
Q

kidneys

A

major excretory organ
have massive amounts of blood flowing through them all the time
remove waste from the blood stream

108
Q

glomeruli

A

the site in the kidney where filtration occurs
process involves active transport to eliminate the materials that are not wanted by the body (e.g. urea) while reabsorbing those that are wanted (e.g. glucose, Na+, and water)

109
Q

ureters

A

tubes which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

110
Q

bladder

A

site for storage of urine

111
Q

urethra

A

urine flows to the outside from the bladder by way of the urethra

PCAT (11 decks)

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