Organising Animals And Plants Flashcards
Cellular respiration
-RBC contains red pigmentation, haemoglobin, which combines with oxygen to become oxyhemoglobin.
-Once RBC reaches tissues, oxyhemoglobin splits back into haemoglobin and oxygen so it’s able to diffuse into our cells.
What are the 4 mains things blood consists of?
-red blood cell
-white blood cell
-platelets
-plasma
Aveoli adaptation
- very thin walls
- large surface area
- good blood supply
- moist walls = allow gases to dissolve
and diffuse easily
Arteries adaptations
- High pressure
- Thick middle layer = muscle tissue
- muscle tissue = strength and direct
blood flow - elastic tissue = stretch and recoil
- narrow lumen
Red blood cells adaptations
- no nucleus = more room to carry
oxygen - shaped as a biconcave disc = large
surface area for absorbing O2 - small & flexible = fit through narrow
vessels - thin membrance so gases can easily
diffuse
How do white blood cells defend us from pathogens
- Phagocytosis = engulf pathogen
- Antibodies = bind onto pathogens
- Antitoxins = neutralise any toxins
Platelets function
Help blood to clot at a wound = stops blood from bleeding and microorganisms from getting in
Artificial blood
- salt water
- adds volume = keeps vessel full
keeping our heart pumping - on replace 1/3 of our blood as it does
not consists of rbc
Blood transfusion
donated from another person
What is coronary heart disease?
When the coronary arteries start to get block b the build up of layers of fatty material
What are the 2 main treatments for coronary heart disease
- stents
- statins
stent
An a expandable tube inside artery to hold open = blood can keep flowing
benefits of stent
- surgery quick
- effective for the long-term
issues of stent
- require surgery = infection, heart
attack - blood clot near stent
statin
Alters the balance of cholesterol in the bloodstream
- decreases LDL and increases HDL
issues of statins
- taken regularly
- side effects - headaches, kidney failure
Where about is the stomata in the leaf?
Lower epidermis
Where does the CO2 go after diffusing through the stomata?
enters the spongy mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse through
Palisade mesophyll
Where most of photosynthesis happens
- palisade cells filled with chloroplasts
Upper epidermis
Transparant so light can pass through to the palisade layer
after glucose is produce in the palisade mesophyll where does it go?
Through the phloem
How does the leaf reduce water loss
- Waxy cuticle on top
- Stomata kept open for a short amount of time
Adaptations of guard cells
- When there is a lot of water in the leaf, the
guard cells become turgid making the gap
larger for more co2 - When the plant is short in water, the guard
cells lose water due to osmosis ( flaccid)
making it close and the plant no longer takes in
CO2 but conserve it’s water vapour - sensitive to light so they close at night
meristem tissue
Made up of plant stem cells and is found at the tips of shoots and roots
tanslocation
Phloem tubes (made from living) transport food substances (dissolved sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use (growth) or for storage
- transport both directions
phloem tube adaptations
Has small pores in the end walls allowing cell sap to flow through
Xylem adaptation
- Made from dead cells
- no ends
- strengthened by lignin
transpiration
The movement of water from the roots to through the xylem and out of the leaves.
What are the 4 factors of transpiration
- light intensity
- temperature
- air flow
- humidity
Light intesity affects on tanspiration
- brighter light = more photosynthesis
- stomata has to be open for co2
- more water can evaporate
- higher rate of transpiration
temperature affects of transpiration
- warmer = higher rate
- the water particles will have more energy and
more likely to evaporate
