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Bioscience > Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary

Epidermis

A

Protects: covers surface; Protects deeper tissues; Vit. D production

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2
Q

Integumentary

Dermis

A

Feeds epidermis; strength; glands

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3
Q

Hair follicles 囊

A

Sensation from Innervation神经支配

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4
Q

Sebaceous分泌脂质的 glands

A

Lubricates hair shaft[组织] 毛干 and epidermis – remove waste.

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5
Q

Sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling(sweat)Breast tissue is modified sweat gland

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6
Q

Sensory感官 receptors感受器

A

Detects sensations: Touch; pressure, temperature, pain

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7
Q

Hypodermis(We will include in the Integument System)

A

Fat stores; Attaches skin to deeper layers

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8
Q

Muscular System 肌肉系统 (=skeletal)

Skeletal muscles

A

Provide skeletal movement control entrances and exits to the digestive and respiratory system and urinary system

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9
Q

Axial中轴 muscles

A

Provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton.

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10
Q

Appendicular附肢肌 muscles

A

Support and move and brace limbs

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11
Q

Tendons肌腱 and aponeuroses腱膜

A

Translate contractile可收缩的 forces into tasksTendon – muscle to bone.
Aponeuroses – most often muscle to muscle connection

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12
Q

Skeletal System 骨骼系统

Bones, cartilage and joints

A

Cartilage all sorts of bone interfaces

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13
Q

Axial Skeleton: (skull, vertebrae椎骨, sacrum骶骨, coccyx尾骨, sternum胸骨, supporting cartilages软骨, ligaments韧带)

A

Protects the brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax胸腔 Support body weight over lower limbs

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14
Q

Appendicular skeleton附肢骨骼: limbs四肢 and supporting bones and ligaments韧带

A

Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton中轴骨

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15
Q

Bone

A

Stores minerals

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16
Q

Bone Marrow
Red
Yellow

A

Red blood cell production (flat bones扁平骨 (pelvis骨盆, sternum胸骨, skull头骨, ribs肋骨; lose some of this with ageing).

Stores of fat cells (found medullary 骨髓的 cavity腔 of long bones; gain with ageing; yellow to red after major bleeding出血)

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17
Q

Nervous System 神经系统

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Control centre Short term control over other systems

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18
Q

Brain

A

Complex integrative综合 activities

Controls voluntary and involuntary

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19
Q

Spinal cord脊髓

A

Relays information to and from brain

Performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)

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20
Q

Special senses(**also considered part of PNS except for optic nerve which is CNS)

A

Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium

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21
Q

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

A

Links CNS with other systems and sense organs

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22
Q

Endocrine System 内分泌系统

Pineal gland 松果体

A

Day-night rhythms

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23
Q

Hypothalamus下丘脑/Pituitary gland脑下垂体

A

Control many other endocrine glands. Regulates growth. Fluid balance

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24
Q

Thyroid甲状腺 gland

A

Metabolic rate

Calcium levels

25
Q

Parathyroid甲状旁腺 gland

A

Calcium levels

26
Q

Thymus 胸腺

A

Maturation of lymphocytes淋巴细胞

27
Q

Adrenal肾上腺 glands

A 
Water and mineral balance 
(e.g. aldosterone醛固酮)
Tissue metabolism (cortisol)Cardio. and Resp. function (adrenaline肾上腺素)
28
Q

Kidneys (due to major hormone-producing cells)

A

Red blood cell production
Blood pressure up.
Calcium levels

29
Q

Pancreas胰腺

A

Glucose control

30
Q

Gonads生殖腺

A

Sexual characteristics and reproduction

31
Q

Lymphatic System 淋巴系统

Lymphatic vessels淋巴管

A

Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes淋巴细胞 from peripheral外围的 tissues to veins of CV system (see next slide)

32
Q

Lymphatic fluid淋巴液

A

Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from the gut.

33
Q

B cells and T cells

A

Cells that carry out immune responses

34
Q

Lymph nodes淋巴结 including tonsils扁桃体

A

Monitor composition of lymph
Defence: Engulf吞噬 pathogens病原体.
Stimulate immune response

35
Q

Spleen脾

A 
Monitors circulation blood cells
Engulfs pathogens
Recycle red blood cells
Stimulates immune response
Like are large lymph node
36
Q

Thymus胸腺

A

Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes

It produces cells called T-lymphocytes which circulate around the body. These cells are important for cell-mediated response to an immune challenge, such as may occur when we have an infection.

37
Q

Cardiovascular System 心血管系统

Heart

A

Propels blood and maintains blood pressure

38
Q

Blood Vessels

Arteries 动脉

Capillaries毛细血管

Veins静脉

A

Conduits导管:

From heart to capillaries

Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids间质液体

Return blood from capillaries to the heart

39
Q

Blood

A 
Transport  of Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Transport nutrients and hormones
Remove waste
Temperature regulation 
Defence against illness(immune cells)
Acid-base balance (-HCO3)
40
Q

Respiratory System 呼吸系统

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
鼻腔和鼻窦

A

Filter warm humidify air and detect smells

41
Q

Pharynx

咽

A

Conducts air to the larynx喉

42
Q

Larynx

喉

A

Protects opening to the trachea气管 and contains vocal cords声带 for vocalisation发声

43
Q

Trachea

气管

A

Conducts air

Cartilage keeps it open

44
Q

Bronchi

支气管

A

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

45
Q

Lungs

A

Air movement
Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli肺泡
Acid-base control

46
Q

Digestive System 消化系统

Oral cavity

A

Breaks up food working with teeth and tongue

47
Q

Salivary唾液的 glands

A

Buffers缓冲区 and lubricant润滑剂

Enzymes that begin digestion

48
Q

Pharynx咽

A

Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus

Chamber室 shared with Resp system

49
Q

Oesophagus食管

A

Deliver food to the stomach

50
Q

Stomach

A

Secretes acid
Enzymes
Hormones

51
Q

Small intestine

A

Digestive enzymes
Buffers and hormones
Absorbs nutrients

52
Q

Liver

A

Secretes bile胆汁

Regulates nutrients in the blood

53
Q

Gallbladder胆囊

A

Concentrates bile

54
Q

Pancreas

A

Digestive enzymes
Buffers
Endocrine cells

55
Q

Large intestine and Anus肛门

A

Water removal

Waste storage and removal

56
Q

Urinary System 泌尿系统

Kidneys

A

Form and concentrate urine

Regulate pH and ions

Blood volume and blood pressure

Endocrine function

57
Q

Ureters输尿管

A

Conduct urine to the bladder膀胱

58
Q

Bladder

A

Stores urine prior to elimination

59
Q

Urethra尿道

A

Conducts urine to exterior

Bioscience (12 decks)

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