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Bioscience > Cell Stucture and Function > Flashcards

Cell Stucture and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote cell and eukaryote cell both have

A

Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, RNA, protien and ribosomes

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2
Q

Eukaryote cells differ from prokaryote cells because eukaryotic cells have

A

membrane-bound organelles and are much larger

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3
Q

Prokaryote cells…

A

lack a membrane-bound nucleus

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4
Q

Cytoplasm including…

A

organelles

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5
Q

Cytoplasm does not include…

A

nucleus

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6
Q

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is the…

A

cytosol

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7
Q

Prokaryote cells are…

A

smaller than eukaryote cells

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8
Q

The plasma membrane is …

A

double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins

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9
Q

The plasma membrane is …

A

the physical barrier separates the inside and outside of the cells

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10
Q

Phospholipid has…

A

hydrophilic polar heads (phosphate)
and
hydrophobic lipid tails (fatty acids)

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11
Q

Phospholipid…

A

Arranged as a double layer around cytoplasm, tail to tail

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12
Q

The rough Endoplasmic reticulum’s major function is

A

Secreted proteins
•Membrane proteins
•Organelle proteins

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13
Q

Major organellesinclude:

A 
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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14
Q

Plasma Membrane proteins

A

Membrane proteins mediate the movement of hydrophilic substances

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15
Q

Plasma Membrane proteins

A

Are often amphipathic, they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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16
Q

Integral proteins

A

embedded(partially or fully) into the membrane

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17
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

integral membrane proteins that fully span the entire membrane, contact extracellular and cytoplasmic areas

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18
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

associated with the membrane, but not actually embedded in it

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19
Q

What do the plasma membrane proteins do?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Enzymatic activity
  3. Signal transduction
  4. cell-cell recognition
  5. intercellular joining
  6. attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix.
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20
Q

The Fluid Mosaic model

A

the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

Enclosed by double lipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope, continuous with rough ER

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22
Q

Nucleus

A

Entry and exit through nuclear pores

23
Q

Nucleolus

A

rRNA production, assembly of small and large subunits of ribosomes

24
Q

Nucleus functions

A
  • to house/protect DNA in eukaryotic cells
  • make RNA and assemble ribosomes
  • pores regulate the movement of substances (protein and mRNA) in and out
  • molecule segregation to allow temporal 时间的and spatial 空间的control of cell function
25
Q

Ribosomes

A

two subunits, small and large made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in complex with many proteins

26
Q

Ribosomes function

A

protein production (translation), found in two places within the cell

27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The ER is an extensive network of tubes and tubules, stretching out from the nuclear membrane

28
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Major functions are the production of:
•Secretedproteins
•Membraneproteins
•Organelleproteins

29
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER membrane surrounds the protein to form transport vesicles destined for the Golgi

30
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lacks ribosomes: doesn’t make proteins

31
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The major function is as a housing unit for proteins and enzymes

32
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The major function is as a housing unit for proteins and enzymes

33
Q

Golgi apparatus –receiving and modifying

A

This complex is made up of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, stacked on top of one another (“pita bread”)

34
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Functions:

modify, sort, package and transport proteins received from the rough ER using enzymes in each cisterna

35
Q

Golgi apparatus –receiving and modifying

A

Formation of
:•secretory vesicles (proteins for exocytosis)
•membrane vesicles (PM molecules)
•transport vesicles (molecules to lysosome)

36
Q

Lysosomes [细胞] 溶酶体

A

contain powerful digestive enzymes

37
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicles formed from Golgi membrane

38
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane proteins pump H+in to maintain acidic pH

39
Q

Lysosomes

A

rest of cell protected by the membrane

40
Q

Lysosomes main functions

A

The main function is digestion of:
•substances that enter a cell
•cellcomponents e.g. organelles -autophagy
•entire cells -autolysis

41
Q

Mitochondria

A

Main function: generation of ATP through cellular respiration

42
Q

Mitochondria are made up of

A
  • Outermitochondrial membrane
  • Innermitochondrial membrane, with folds, called cristae
  • Fluid filled interior cavity, called the mitochondrial matrix
43
Q

Mitochondria – the ATP factory

A

The transfer of phosphate to another molecule provides energy

44
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

the structural support system of the cell

45
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Fibresor filaments that help to maintain the size, shape and integrity of the cell

46
Q

Three types of fibres (from smallest to largest)

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

47
Q

Cytoskeleton: microfilaments

A

Diameter: 7 nm Comprised of actin molecules assembled in two long chains, twisted around each other
Found around the periphery and lining the interior of the cell

48
Q

Cytoskeleton: microfilaments

A

Function:
Bear tension and weight by anchoring the cytoskeleton to plasma membrane proteins, and promote amoeboid motility if required (eg. macrophage)

49
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments

A

Diameter: 8-12 nm.

Comprised of the diverse range of different materials; one example: keratin found in the cytoplasm of the cell.

50
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments functions

A

Function:
•bear tension and weight throughout the cell, e.g., during cell anchoring,
•act as a scaffold for cellular organelles, e.g., the nucleus.

51
Q

Cytoskeleton: microtubules

A

Diameter: tubular structure, 25 nm with the central lumen of 15 nm diameter comprised of tubulin dimers (alpha and beta), coiled, to form a tube Extends from centriole into cytoplasm/nucleus

52
Q

Cytoskeleton: microtubules functions

A
  • Support cell shape and size
  • Guide for movement of organelles, •e.g., vesicles from Golgi to membrane
  • Chromosome organization – cell division
  • Support and movement of cilia/flagella
53
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments

A

Usually the most permanent of the cytoskeleton

Bioscience (12 decks)

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