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Bioscience > Introduction to the cell > Flashcards

Introduction to the cell Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote cell vs eukaryote cell

A

Both have:

The plasma membrane, 
cytosol, 
DNA, 
RNA, 
protein  
ribosomes
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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cytoplasm is everything inside the plasma membrane including the organelles, but not including the nucleus

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3
Q

cytosol

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is the cytosol

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4
Q

cytosol胞液，细胞溶质

A

water
dissolved substances
suspended悬浮的 substances

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5
Q

Cytoplasm 细胞质

Major organelles include:

A 
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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6
Q

Plasma membrane质膜

A

double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins

hydrophilic亲水 polar heads (phosphate)

hydrophobic疏水 lipid tails (fatty acids)

arranged as a double layer around cytoplasm, tail to tail

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7
Q

Plasma Membrane proteins

A

Integral proteins 整合蛋白:

embedded(partially or fully) into the membrane

eg. Transmembrane proteins跨膜蛋白: integral membrane proteins that fully span the entire membrane, contact extracellular细胞外的 and cytoplasmic细胞质的 areas

Peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白: associated with the membrane, but not actually embedded in it

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8
Q

What do the plasma membrane proteins do?

A
  1. Transport:
    For example, channels, transporters, may be general or selective, gated or not
  2. Enzymatic activity:
    Carry out a chemical reaction, may or may not be a part of a team of enzymes
  3. Signal transduction:
    External signalling molecule causing transduction of information to the inside of the cell
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9
Q

More jobs for plasma membrane proteins

A
  1. cell-cell recognition:

Use of glycoproteins (carbohydrate + protein) as molecular signatures of the extracellular side of the cell

  1. intercellular joining:

For example, gap junctions or tight junctions.

6.attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix:

For example, fibronectin mediates contact between cell surface integrins and ECM (eg. collagen).can facilitate movement

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

Functions:

  • to house/protect DNA in eukaryotic cells
  • make RNA and assemble ribosomes
  • pores regulate the movement of substances (eg. protein and mRNA) in and out
  • molecule segregation to allow temporal and spatial control of cell function
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11
Q

In the nucleus: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

DNA wrapped 2x around a group of 8 histones, to form nucleosomes collectively known as chromatin

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12
Q

In the nucleus: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

As the cell prepares for cell division, chromatin condenses further to chromatin fibre then condenses further into loops then stacks as chromosomes.

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13
Q

Ribosomes核糖体

A

Function: protein production (translation), found in two places within the cell:

free in the cytoplasm - making proteins to be used in the cytosol (non-endomembrane内膜 destinations)

attached to the RER - making non-cytosolic细胞溶质的 proteins/endomembrane

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14
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum内质网

A

The ER is an extensive广泛的 network of tubes and tubules, stretching out from the nuclear membrane

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15
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The major function is the production of:
•Secreted proteins
•Membrane proteins
•Organelle proteins

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16
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

粗面内质网

A

continuous with nuclear envelope dotted with attached ribosomes

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17
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The major function is the production of:
•Secreted proteins分泌性蛋白
•Membrane proteins膜蛋白
•Organelle proteins细胞器的蛋白质

18
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER membrane surrounds the protein to form transport vesicles运输小泡 destined for the Golgi

19
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lacks ribosomes: doesn’t make proteins

20
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

The major function is as a housing unit for proteins and enzymes

21
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesizes lipids, including steroids and phospholipids

22
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Storage of cell-specific proteins, not all cells make all proteins

Examples:

Liver: houses enzymes for detoxification解毒 and for glucose release

Muscle: calcium ions (refer ET: M)

23
Q

Golgi apparatus高尔基体,内网器 –receiving and modifying改造

A

This complex is made up of 3-20 flattened membranous扁平膜囊 sacs called cisternae池, stacked on top of one another (“pita bread”)

24
Q

Golgi apparatus –receiving and modifying

A

Functions: modify, sort, package and transport proteins received from the rough ER using enzymes in each cisternae.

25
Q

Golgi apparatus –receiving and modifying

A

Formation of:
•secretory vesicles分泌小泡 (proteins for exocytosis胞外分泌)
•membrane vesicles膜囊泡 (PM molecules)
•transport vesicles运输小泡 (molecules to lysosome溶酶体)

26
Q

Golgi apparatus: to destination

A

Each sac or cisternae contains enzymes of different functions

proteins move cis to trans from sac to sac

mature at the exit cisternae

travel to destination

Modifications修改 occur within each sac
(formation of glycoproteins糖蛋白, glycolipids糖脂 and lipoproteins脂蛋白)

27
Q

Lysosomes 溶酶体

A

vesicles囊泡；小水泡 formed from Golgi membrane

membrane proteins pump H+in to maintain acidic pH

rest of cell protected by membranes

28
Q

Lysosomes

A

The main function is digestion of:

  • substances that enter a cell
  • cell components e.g. organelles -autophagy自噬
  • entire cells -autolysis自身溶解
29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Main function: generation of ATP through cellular respiration

30
Q

Mitochondria are made up of:

A
  • Outer mitochondrial membrane
  • inner mitochondrial membrane, with folds called cristae
  • Fluid filled interior cavity, called the mitochondrial matrix线粒体基质
31
Q

Mitochondria

A

The mitochondria are not part of the endomembrane system.

32
Q

Mitochondria – the ATP factory

A

The transfer of phosphate to another molecule provides energy

33
Q

Cytoskeleton 细胞骨架

A

Fibres or filaments丝 that help to maintain the size, shape and integrity完整性 of the cell:

  • Act as scaffolding脚手架 across the cell
  • Involved in intracellular细胞内的 transportation and cell movement
34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Three types of fibres (from smallest to largest):

Microfilaments微丝
Intermediate filaments中间丝
Microtubules 微管

35
Q

Cytoskeleton: microfilaments

A

Diameter: 7 nm

Comprised of actin肌动蛋白 molecules assembled in two long chains, twisted around each other

Found around the periphery外围 and lining the interior of the cell

36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Three types of fibres (from smallest to largest):

Microfilaments微丝
Intermediate filaments中间丝
Microtubules 微管

37
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments中间丝

A

Diameter: 8-12 nm.

Comprised of a diverse range of different materials; one example: keratin角蛋白

Found in the cytoplasm of the cell.

38
Q

Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments

A

Function:

  • bear tension and weight throughout the cell, e.g., during cell anchoring锚定,
  • act as a scaffold脚手架 for cellular organelles, e.g., the nucleus.

Usually the most permanent永久 of the cytoskeleton

39
Q

Cytoskeleton: microtubules 微管

A

Diameter:
tubular structure, 25 nm with the central lumen of 15 nm diameter. Comprised of tubulin dimers (alpha and beta), coiled, to form a tube Extends from centriole into cytoplasm/nucleus

40
Q

Cytoskeleton: microtubules

A

Functions:

  • Support cell shape and size
  • Guide for movement of organelles, •e.g., vesicles from Golgi to membrane
  • Chromosome organization – cell division
  • Support and movement of cilia/flagella

Assembled and disassembled as required -are dynamic

41
Q

Cytoskeleton: microtubules 微管

A

Diameter:
tubular管状 structure, 25 nm with the central lumen内腔 of 15 nm diameter. Comprised of tubulin微管蛋白 dimers二聚物 (alpha and beta), coiled, to form a tube Extends from centriole细胞中心粒 into cytoplasm/nucleus

42
Q

Cytoskeleton: microtubules

A

Functions:

  • Support cell shape and size
  • Guide for movement of organelles, •e.g., vesicles囊泡；小水泡 from Golgi to membrane
  • Chromosome organization – cell division
  • Support and movement of cilia/flagella

Assembled and disassembled as required -are dynamic

Bioscience (12 decks)

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