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biosci > Organisation of the human body > Flashcards

Organisation of the human body Flashcards

1
Q

The 6 structural levels of organisation

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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2
Q

Chemical level

A

Building blocks of the body e.g atoms

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3
Q

Cellular level

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body

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4
Q

Tissue level

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function

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5
Q

Organ level

A

Structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue

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6
Q

System level

A

Consists of related organs with a common function

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7
Q

Organismal level

A

All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism

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8
Q

Integumentary - Cutaneous membrane (skin)

A

Protects: covers surfaces
Protects: deeper tissues
Vit. D production

Epidermis and dermis

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9
Q

Integumentary - Hair follicles, hairs and sebaceous glands

A

Hair follicles: Sensation from innervation
Hairs: Protection
Sebaceous glands: lubricates hair shaft and epidermis (removes waste)

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10
Q

Integumentary - Sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling (sweat)
Breast tissue is a modified sweat gland

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11
Q

Integumentary - Nails

A

Stiffen and protect digits

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12
Q

Integumentary - Sensory receptors

A

Detects sensations (touch, pressure, temperature, pain)

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13
Q

Integumentary - Hypodermis

A

Fat stores; attaches skin to deeper layers

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14
Q

What type of tissue does the epidermis contain?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer of areolar tissue and the reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue

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16
Q

Function of hypodermis

A

Separates the integument from the fascia around deeper organs

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17
Q

Muscular system - skeletal muscles

A

Provide skeletal movement. Controls entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory, and urinary system

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18
Q

Muscular system - axial muscles

A

Provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton

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19
Q

Muscular system - appendicular muscles

A

Support, move, and brace limbs

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20
Q

Muscular system - tendons

A

A fibrous rope-like connective tissue that joins muscle to bone. Translates contractile forces to tasks.

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21
Q

Muscular system - aponeurosis

A

Fibrous sheet-like connective tissue for muscle-to-muscle connection.

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22
Q

Skeletal system - bones, cartilage and joints

A

Cartilage is almost elastic and sits between joints (where bone meets bone).
A shock absorber
Lubricated surface
Keeps bone apart in relatively rigid position.

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23
Q

Skeletal system - axial skeleton

A

Protects brain and spinal chord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax.
Supports body weight over lower limbs.

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24
Q

Skeletal system - appendicular skeleton

A

Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

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25
Q

Skeletal system - bone

A

Stores minerals

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26
Q

Skeletal system - bone marrow (red) and where is it made

A

Red blood cell production, made in flat bones

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27
Q

.

A

.

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28
Q

Skeletal system - bone marrow (yellow)

A

Fat storage location, but if body loses lots of blood, then some yellow will change to become haemopoietic and make RBC.

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29
Q

Nervous system

A

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

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30
Q

Nervous system - What is CNS

A

Control system. Short term control over other systems

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31
Q

Nervous system - CNS (brain)

A

Complex integrative role and controls voluntary and involuntary actions.

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32
Q

Nervous system - CNS (spinal chord)

A
  • Relays information to and from brain.
  • integrative role; special sensors (reflex arc)
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33
Q

Nervous system - Special senses

A

Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, and taste and equilibrium. Also considered part of PNS

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34
Q

Nervous system - PNS

A

Links CNS with other systems and sense organs

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35
Q

Endocrine system

A

Directs long-term changes in other organ systems

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36
Q

Endocrine system - pineal gland

A

Day night rhythms, produces melatonin

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37
Q

Endocrine system - hypothalamus/pituitary gland

A

Releases hormones, controls many other endocrine glands.
Regulates growth
Fluid balance

38
Q

Endocrine system - thyroid gland

A

Metabolic rate
Calcium levels
Makes thyroxine

39
Q

Endocrine system - parathyroid gland

A

Calcium levels

40
Q

Endocrine system - Thymus

A

Maturation of lymphocytes

41
Q

Endocrine system - Adrenal glands

A
  • water and mineral balance
  • tissue metabolism
  • cardio and resp function (adrenaline)
42
Q

Endocrine system - Kidney

A
  • Red blood cell production.
  • Blood pressure up
  • Calcium levels
43
Q

Endocrine system - Pancreas

A

Glucose control

44
Q

Endocrine system - gonads

A

Sexual characteristics and hormones

45
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to bloodstream

46
Q

Lymphatic system - Lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of CV system. Pass lymph to lymphatic ducts

47
Q

Lymphatic system - Lymphatic fluid (what is it consisted of)

A

Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut

48
Q

Lymphatic system - B and T cells

A

Cells that carry out immune responses

49
Q

Lymphatic system - Lymph nodes including tonsils

A

Monitor composition of lymph
Defence: engulfs pathogens
Stimulate: immune response through filtering, phagocytosis, and immune reactions

50
Q

Lymphatic system - Spleen

A
  • Monitors circulation of blood cells
  • Engulfs pathogens
  • recycles red blood cells
  • stimulates immune response
51
Q

Lymphatic system - Thymus

A

Controls development and maintenance of the T lymphocytes

52
Q

Lymhatic system - lymphatic ducts (thoraic duct, right lymphatic duct)

A

Empty lymph into the junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system

53
Q

Lymphatic system (systemic circulation) - Lymphatic vessels

A

Pass lymph to lymphatic ducts

54
Q

Lymphatic system - Lymphatic capillaries found in

A

Found throughout the body except in avascular tissues, the CNS, portions of spleen and bone marrow

55
Q

What is the cardiovascular system

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes ad gases

56
Q

Cardiovascular system - Heart

A

Propels blood and maintains blood pressure

57
Q

Cardiovascular system - Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)

A

Condults:
Arteries: from heart to capillaries
Capillaries: diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
Vein: Return blood from capillaries to heart

58
Q

Cardiovascular system - Blood (function)

A
  • Transport of O2 and CO2
  • Transport nutrients and hormones
  • Removes waste
  • Temperature regulation
  • Defence against illness
  • Acid-base control
59
Q

What is the respiratory system

A

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound

60
Q

Respiratory system - Nasal cavity

A

Filter warm humidify air and detects smells

61
Q

Respiratory system - Pharynx

A

Conducts air to larynx

62
Q

Respiratory system - Trachea

A

Conducts air, cartilage keeps it open

63
Q

Respiratory system - Bronchi

A

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

64
Q

Respiratory system - Lungs

A
  • air movement
  • gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli
  • acid-base control
65
Q

What is the digestive system

A

Processes food and absorbs nutriens

66
Q

Digestive system - oral cavity

A

breaks up food with teeth and tongue

67
Q

Digestive system - Salivary glands

A
  • Buffers and lubricates
  • enzymes that begin the digestive process
68
Q

Digestive system - Pharynx

A
  • Solid food and liquids to oesophagus
  • chamber shared with resp system
69
Q

Digestive system - Oesophagus

A

Delivers food to stomach

70
Q

Digestive system - Stomach

A
  • secretes acid
  • enzymes
  • hormones
71
Q

Digestive system - Small intestine

A
  • Digestive enzymes
  • Buffers
  • Hormones
  • Absorbs nutrients
72
Q

Digestive system - Liver

A
  • Secretes bile
  • Regulates nutrients in blood
73
Q

Digestive system - Gallbladder

A

Concentrates bile

74
Q

Digestive system - Pancreas

A
  • Digestive enzymes
  • Buffers
  • Endocrine cells
75
Q

Digestive system - Large intestine and anus

A
  • Water removal
  • Waste storage and removal
76
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates excess water, salts and wastes

77
Q

Urinary system - Kidneys

A
  • form and concentrate urine
  • regulate pH and ions
  • blood volume and blood pressure
  • Endocrine system
78
Q

Urinary system - Ureters

A

Conduct urine to bladder

79
Q

Urinary system - Bladder

A

Stores urine prior to elimination

80
Q

Urinary system - Urethra

A

Conducts urine to exterior

81
Q

Urinary system - EPO

A
  • a glycoprotein hormone produced by interstitial fibroblasts in kidney
  • signals for erythropoiesis in bone marrow
  • increase activity of hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) allows blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen
82
Q

Digestive system - Liver

A
  • Secretes bile
  • Regulates nutrients in the blood
83
Q

Digestive system - Liver

A
  • Secretes bile
  • Regulates nutrients in the blood
84
Q

Male reproductive system - Testes what it produces

A

Produces sperm and also produces hormones

85
Q

Male reproductive system - External genitalia (penis and scrotum)

A

Reproduction and thermal control testes

86
Q

Female reproductive system - ovaries what’s in it

A

Oocytes and hromones

87
Q

F reproductive system - Uterine tubes

A
  • Delivery oocyte
  • location of fertilisation
88
Q

F reproductive system - Uterus

A

Embryonic development

89
Q

F reproductive system - Vagina and external genitalia

A
  • Lubrication
  • Sperm reception
  • Birth canal
90
Q

F reproductive system - Mammary glands

A

Nutrition for new-born.
This is a modified sweat gland so also a part of the integumentary system

biosci (28 decks)

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