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Organisation of the human body Flashcards

1
Q

The 6 structural levels of organisation

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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2
Q

Chemical level

A

Building blocks of the body e.g atoms

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3
Q

Cellular level

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body

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4
Q

Tissue level

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function

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5
Q

Organ level

A

Structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue

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6
Q

System level

A

Consists of related organs with a common function

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7
Q

Organismal level

A

All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism

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8
Q

Integumentary - Cutaneous membrane (skin)

A

Protects: covers surfaces
Protects: deeper tissues
Vit. D production

Epidermis and dermis

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9
Q

Integumentary - Hair follicles, hairs and sebaceous glands

A

Hair follicles: Sensation from innervation
Hairs: Protection
Sebaceous glands: lubricates hair shaft and epidermis (removes waste)

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10
Q

Integumentary - Sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation: Evaporative cooling (sweat)
Breast tissue is a modified sweat gland

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11
Q

Integumentary - Nails

A

Stiffen and protect digits

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12
Q

Integumentary - Sensory receptors

A

Detects sensations (touch, pressure, temperature, pain)

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13
Q

Integumentary - Hypodermis

A

Fat stores; attaches skin to deeper layers

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14
Q

What type of tissue does the epidermis contain?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer of areolar tissue and the reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue

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16
Q

Function of hypodermis

A

Separates the integument from the fascia around deeper organs

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17
Q

Muscular system - skeletal muscles

A

Provide skeletal movement. Controls entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory, and urinary system

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18
Q

Muscular system - axial muscles

A

Provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton

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19
Q

Muscular system - appendicular muscles

A

Support, move, and brace limbs

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20
Q

Muscular system - tendons

A

A fibrous rope-like connective tissue that joins muscle to bone. Translates contractile forces to tasks.

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21
Q

Muscular system - aponeurosis

A

Fibrous sheet-like connective tissue for muscle-to-muscle connection.

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22
Q

Skeletal system - bones, cartilage and joints

A

Cartilage is almost elastic and sits between joints (where bone meets bone).
A shock absorber
Lubricated surface
Keeps bone apart in relatively rigid position.

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23
Q

Skeletal system - axial skeleton

A

Protects brain and spinal chord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax.
Supports body weight over lower limbs.

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24
Q

Skeletal system - appendicular skeleton

A

Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

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25
Skeletal system - bone
Stores minerals
26
Skeletal system - bone marrow (red) and where is it made
Red blood cell production, made in flat bones
27
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Skeletal system - bone marrow (yellow)
Fat storage location, but if body loses lots of blood, then some yellow will change to become haemopoietic and make RBC.
29
Nervous system
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
30
Nervous system - What is CNS
Control system. Short term control over other systems
31
Nervous system - CNS (brain)
Complex integrative role and controls voluntary and involuntary actions.
32
Nervous system - CNS (spinal chord)
- Relays information to and from brain. - integrative role; special sensors (reflex arc)
33
Nervous system - Special senses
Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, and taste and equilibrium. Also considered part of PNS
34
Nervous system - PNS
Links CNS with other systems and sense organs
35
Endocrine system
Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
36
Endocrine system - pineal gland
Day night rhythms, produces melatonin
37
Endocrine system - hypothalamus/pituitary gland
Releases hormones, controls many other endocrine glands. Regulates growth Fluid balance
38
Endocrine system - thyroid gland
Metabolic rate Calcium levels Makes thyroxine
39
Endocrine system - parathyroid gland
Calcium levels
40
Endocrine system - Thymus
Maturation of lymphocytes
41
Endocrine system - Adrenal glands
- water and mineral balance - tissue metabolism - cardio and resp function (adrenaline)
42
Endocrine system - Kidney
- Red blood cell production. - Blood pressure up - Calcium levels
43
Endocrine system - Pancreas
Glucose control
44
Endocrine system - gonads
Sexual characteristics and hormones
45
What is the lymphatic system
Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to bloodstream
46
Lymphatic system - Lymphatic vessels
Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of CV system. Pass lymph to lymphatic ducts
47
Lymphatic system - Lymphatic fluid (what is it consisted of)
Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from gut
48
Lymphatic system - B and T cells
Cells that carry out immune responses
49
Lymphatic system - Lymph nodes including tonsils
Monitor composition of lymph Defence: engulfs pathogens Stimulate: immune response through filtering, phagocytosis, and immune reactions
50
Lymphatic system - Spleen
- Monitors circulation of blood cells - Engulfs pathogens - recycles red blood cells - stimulates immune response
51
Lymphatic system - Thymus
Controls development and maintenance of the T lymphocytes
52
Lymhatic system - lymphatic ducts (thoraic duct, right lymphatic duct)
Empty lymph into the junction of jugular and subclavian veins of the cardiovascular system
53
Lymphatic system (systemic circulation) - Lymphatic vessels
Pass lymph to lymphatic ducts
54
Lymphatic system - Lymphatic capillaries found in
Found throughout the body except in avascular tissues, the CNS, portions of spleen and bone marrow
55
What is the cardiovascular system
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes ad gases
56
Cardiovascular system - Heart
Propels blood and maintains blood pressure
57
Cardiovascular system - Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)
Condults: Arteries: from heart to capillaries Capillaries: diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids Vein: Return blood from capillaries to heart
58
Cardiovascular system - Blood (function)
- Transport of O2 and CO2 - Transport nutrients and hormones - Removes waste - Temperature regulation - Defence against illness - Acid-base control
59
What is the respiratory system
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound
60
Respiratory system - Nasal cavity
Filter warm humidify air and detects smells
61
Respiratory system - Pharynx
Conducts air to larynx
62
Respiratory system - Trachea
Conducts air, cartilage keeps it open
63
Respiratory system - Bronchi
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
64
Respiratory system - Lungs
- air movement - gas exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli - acid-base control
65
What is the digestive system
Processes food and absorbs nutriens
66
Digestive system - oral cavity
breaks up food with teeth and tongue
67
Digestive system - Salivary glands
- Buffers and lubricates - enzymes that begin the digestive process
68
Digestive system - Pharynx
- Solid food and liquids to oesophagus - chamber shared with resp system
69
Digestive system - Oesophagus
Delivers food to stomach
70
Digestive system - Stomach
- secretes acid - enzymes - hormones
71
Digestive system - Small intestine
- Digestive enzymes - Buffers - Hormones - Absorbs nutrients
72
Digestive system - Liver
- Secretes bile - Regulates nutrients in blood
73
Digestive system - Gallbladder
Concentrates bile
74
Digestive system - Pancreas
- Digestive enzymes - Buffers - Endocrine cells
75
Digestive system - Large intestine and anus
- Water removal - Waste storage and removal
76
Urinary system
Eliminates excess water, salts and wastes
77
Urinary system - Kidneys
- form and concentrate urine - regulate pH and ions - blood volume and blood pressure - Endocrine system
78
Urinary system - Ureters
Conduct urine to bladder
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Urinary system - Bladder
Stores urine prior to elimination
80
Urinary system - Urethra
Conducts urine to exterior
81
Urinary system - EPO
- a glycoprotein hormone produced by interstitial fibroblasts in kidney - signals for erythropoiesis in bone marrow - increase activity of hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) allows blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen
82
Digestive system - Liver
- Secretes bile - Regulates nutrients in the blood
83
Digestive system - Liver
- Secretes bile - Regulates nutrients in the blood
84
Male reproductive system - Testes what it produces
Produces sperm and also produces hormones
85
Male reproductive system - External genitalia (penis and scrotum)
Reproduction and thermal control testes
86
Female reproductive system - ovaries what’s in it
Oocytes and hromones
87
F reproductive system - Uterine tubes
- Delivery oocyte - location of fertilisation
88
F reproductive system - Uterus
Embryonic development
89
F reproductive system - Vagina and external genitalia
- Lubrication - Sperm reception - Birth canal
90
F reproductive system - Mammary glands
Nutrition for new-born. This is a modified sweat gland so also a part of the integumentary system

biosci (28 decks)

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