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biosci > Muscle and Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle and Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does it consist of

What are muscle tissues

A

Muscle tissues consist of elongated cells that use energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to generate force.

As a result of contraction, muscle tissue produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat.

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2
Q

What are the three muscle tissue types

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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3
Q

Skeletal muscles location

A

Usually attached to bones via tendons

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4
Q

Skeletal muscles strucutre

A

Long cells; striated; multi-nucleated

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5
Q

Skeletal muscles function

A

Motion, posture, heat, protection. Contraction under conscious control (mostly voluntary)

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6
Q

What is the shape of skeletal muscles

A

Cylindrical

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7
Q

What are the smallest and longest skeletal muscle

A

Starpedius and sartorious

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8
Q

What is the function of starpedius muscle

A

Stabilises the smallest human bone (stapes in the ear); prevents hypercaucis; tympanic reflex; Bell’s Palsy; facial n

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9
Q

What is the function of the sartorious muslce

A

‘Checking for gum’, Hip: flexor, abductor, lateral rotator
Knee: flexor

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10
Q

Starpedius function in ear

A
  • Modify the intensity of sound get transmitted to hearing
  • Tightens the confirmation of bone in ear
  • Keep sound within comfortable range
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11
Q

what are myofibrils

A

More or less fill the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of the muscle fibre and extend its entire length within the cell

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12
Q

The striations of skeletal muscle fibres are due to what

A

Highly organised arrangement of myofibrils within the cells

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13
Q

What is this

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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14
Q

The myofibrils are composed of what two types of filaments

A

Thin filaments: mostly actin
Thick filaments: myosin

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15
Q

What are myofibrils

A

More or less fill the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of the muscle fibre and extend its entire length within the cell

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16
Q

What are myofilaments

A

They do not extend the length of the muscle fibre but are arranged in compartments called sarcomeres.

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17
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

The basic functional unit of a myofibril/ Z disc separates sarcomeres.

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18
Q

What are the different connective tissues of the skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm

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19
Q

What is epimysium of the skeletal muscle

A

Surrounds the anatomical structure

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20
Q

What is the perimysium of the skeletal muscle

A

Around fasicles

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21
Q

What is the endomysium of the skeletal muscle location

A

Is around muscle fibres (“cell”) - layer for capillaries/nerves).

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22
Q

What is the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle

A

The actual cell of the plasma membrane

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23
Q

What is the sarcoplasm

A

The cell cytoplasm

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24
Q

What do the thick and thin myofilaments overlap to produce

A

The striations in the myofibril

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25
Q

A band of the myofilament

A

Dark; middle part; contains all the thick filaments

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26
Q

I band of the myofilament

A

Think filaments; but no thick filaments

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27
Q

H zone of the myofilaments

A

Thick filaments but no thin filaments

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28
Q

M line of the myofilament

A

Middle of sarcomere (holds thick filaments together)

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29
Q

Z disc of the myofilament

A

Passes through centre of I band (between sarcomeres) made up of ‘actinins’ - that link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

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30
Q

What is titin of the myofilament

A

Links Z to M line; provides resting tension in I band, molecular spring.

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31
Q

Is this relaxed, partially contracted, or maximally contracted muscle

A

Relaxed muscle

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32
Q

Is this relaxed, partially contracted, or maximally contracted muscle

A

Partially contracted

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33
Q

Is this relaxed, partially contracted, or maximally contracted muscle

A

Maximally contracted muscle

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34
Q

Cardiac muscle (location structure and function)

A

Located in the heart. Still have actin and myosin
Structure: striated; branched; single central nucleus; fibres join end to end through intercalated discs.

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35
Q

What do intercalated discs in cardiac muscle contain

A
  1. Desmosomes (bind intermediate filaments) - provide adhesion in contraction
  2. Gap Junctions (communication) - coordinated rapid conduction
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36
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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37
Q

In this intercalated disc, what is the red and blue arrow pointing to

A

Red: Gap junction
Blue: desmosome

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38
Q

What is this

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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39
Q

Smooth muscle location

A

In the walls of hollow internal structures

40
Q

What are examples of where smooth muscle are located and used for

A
  • Intestines (peristalsis)
  • blood vessel walls (constriction)

Also
* iris of eye
* reproductive
* digestive
* respiratory
* urinary
* skin erector pili

41
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

42
Q

Smooth muscle structure

A

Short, small, spindle-shaped,.

Non-striated, and has a single central nucleus.

43
Q

How are smooth muscle fibres striated

A

Smooth muscle fibres are non-striated, but still have bundles of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments.
* Thin filaments (actin) attatch to “dense bodies”, functionally similar to Z discs

44
Q

What is this

A

Smooth muscle tissue

45
Q

What connects to dense bodies in smooth muscle cells

A

Thin filaments (actin) and also intermediate filaments (non-contractile elements)

46
Q

What is the major protein in dense bodies

A

Actinin

47
Q

What happens during contraction in smooth muscle cells

A

Tension is transmitted to the intermediate filaments (don’t contract) and the cell twists as it contracts.

48
Q

And their functions within NS

What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (brain and spinal chord)
Peripheral nervous system (all nervous systems outside CNS)

49
Q

Two divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory/afferent division: information to the CNS

Motor/efferent division: Information from CNS to the organs (muscles and glands).

50
Q

What does nervous system help to

A

Maintain homeostasis (along with the endocrine system)

Initiates voluntary movement

Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory.

51
Q

Activities grouped by the nervous system are grouped under three major functions

A

i. Sensory
ii. Integrative
iii. Motor

52
Q

What is sensory function of the nervous system

A

Detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS

53
Q

What is the intergrative function of the nervous system

A

Analysis and storing of information

54
Q

What is the motor function of the nervous system

A

Stimulation of effectors (e.g muscles and glands) through PNS i.e motor here means “effector”.

55
Q

The nervous tissue consists what two types of cells

A

Neurons (nerve cells that can be very large)

Neuroglia (supportive cells - usually small)

56
Q

What are the longest cells in the body and what control do they have

A

Neurons - conscious and unconscious control

57
Q

What is this

A

Neuron of spinal cord

58
Q

What are neurons

A

Have a cell body into which short, branched dendrites convey nerve impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue.

59
Q

Neurons - dendrites

A

The receiving/input part of the neuron

60
Q

Neurons - axons

A

Carries the nerve impulse away from the neuron. It is the output portion of the neuron.

61
Q

True or false: neurons do not divide, have high metabolic rates and die without CO2

A

True

62
Q

What are multipolar neurons and where are they most common,y found

A

Have two or more dendrites and a single axon.
Most common neurons in CNS and all motor neurons (control skeletal muscle) are in the class.

63
Q

What is this

A

Multi-polar neurons

64
Q

What are the two distinct process of bipolar neurons

A
  • 1 dendritic process (can branch at tip but not at cell body)
  • 1 axon
65
Q

Structure of bipolar neurons

A
  • Has cell body between axon and dendrite
66
Q

Function of bipolar neurons

A

Have special sesne organs (sight, smell, hearing) that relay information from receptor to neurons.

67
Q

What is this

A

Bi-polar neurons

68
Q

What are unipolar neurons

A
  • The dendrites and axons are continuous
  • Cell body off to one side
  • Very long
69
Q

Where type of neurons are most sensory nerves found in

A

Unipolar neurons

70
Q

What is this

A

Unipolar neurons

71
Q

What are anaxonic neurons

A

Are rare and function poorly understood

Anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites and axons.

72
Q

Whereare anaxonic neurons found

A

Brain and special sense organs

73
Q

systems

Where are neuroglia found

A

In both CNS and PNS

74
Q

more or less

Which is bigger: neuroglia or neurons

A

Neuroglia is smaller than neurons, but more numerous

75
Q

Neuroglia do not propagate __ _____ but can _________.

A

Action potentials, communicate

76
Q

Function of neuroglia

A
  • Physical structure of nervous tissue
  • Repair framework of nervous tissue
  • Undertake phagocytosis
  • Nutrient supply to neurons
  • regular interstitial fluid in neural tissue
77
Q

What are the 4 different classifications of CNS Neuroglia

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

78
Q

What is the most numerous neuroglia and what is its structure

A

Astrocytes - star shaped, largest neuroglia in size

79
Q

What neuroglia is this

A

Astrocytes

80
Q

CNS Neuroglia - Astrocytes function

A
  • Star-shaped, largest most numerous of neuroglia
  • Support and repair
  • Communicate with neurons
  • maintain environment around neuron
  • maintain the blood-brain barrier via endothelium. Wraps around vessels ad influence their permeability.
81
Q

CNS Neuroglia - Oligodendrocytes

A

Form insulating multi-layered myelin sheath (protein-lipid layer) around CNS axons

Can myelinate more than one neuron cell’s axon. Accelerate the action potential.

82
Q

CNS Neuroglia - Microglia

A

Phagocytic (resident macrophages) for protection

83
Q

What does this image show

A

Inactive microglia

84
Q

What does this image show

A

Active microglia

85
Q

what it produces and

CNS Neuroglia - what do ependymal cells produce

A

Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

86
Q

what it lines

CNS Neuroglia - where ependymal cells found

A

Lines the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

87
Q

Where are the ependymal cells located?

A

Ventricles and in other locations where CNS is found

88
Q

Do ependymal cells have cilia and microvilli

A

Yes

89
Q

What is the function of CSF

A

Mechanical buffers; move nutrients and waste

90
Q

What cells are shown

A

Ependymal cells

91
Q

What are the two types of PNS neuroglia?

A

Schwann and satellite cells

92
Q

PNS - Schwann cells

A

PNS version of oligpdendrocyte
Form insulating myelin sheath around axons or can just support and surround several non-myelinated azons

93
Q

What are neurilemmas

A

The outer surface of the Schwann cells

94
Q

What can a single Schwann cell form, and what is this function

A

The internode of many unmyelinated axons. This stabilises the position of these axons and isolates them from chemicals in surrounding interstitial fluid.

95
Q

PNS - Satellite cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies
Support and fluid exchange

96
Q

Smooth muscle - thin and intermediate filaments

A

Thin filaments attach to ‘dense bodies’. and functionally similar to Z disc. Intermediate filaments (non-contractile elements) also connect to dense bodies.

97
Q

Where are anaxonic neurons found

A

brain and special sense organs

biosci (28 decks)

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