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biosci > Muscle and Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle and Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what does it consist of

What are muscle tissues

A

Muscle tissues consist of elongated cells that use energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to generate force.

As a result of contraction, muscle tissue produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat.

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2
Q

What are the three muscle tissue types

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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3
Q

Skeletal muscles location

A

Usually attached to bones via tendons

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4
Q

Skeletal muscles strucutre

A

Long cells; striated; multi-nucleated

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5
Q

Skeletal muscles function

A

Motion, posture, heat, protection. Contraction under conscious control (mostly voluntary)

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6
Q

What is the shape of skeletal muscles

A

Cylindrical

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7
Q

What are the smallest and longest skeletal muscle

A

Starpedius and sartorious

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8
Q

What is the function of starpedius muscle

A

Stabilises the smallest human bone (stapes in the ear); prevents hypercaucis; tympanic reflex; Bell’s Palsy; facial n

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9
Q

What is the function of the sartorious muslce

A

‘Checking for gum’, Hip: flexor, abductor, lateral rotator
Knee: flexor

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10
Q

Starpedius function in ear

A
  • Modify the intensity of sound get transmitted to hearing
  • Tightens the confirmation of bone in ear
  • Keep sound within comfortable range
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11
Q

what are myofibrils

A

More or less fill the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of the muscle fibre and extend its entire length within the cell

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12
Q

The striations of skeletal muscle fibres are due to what

A

Highly organised arrangement of myofibrils within the cells

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13
Q

What is this

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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14
Q

The myofibrils are composed of what two types of filaments

A

Thin filaments: mostly actin
Thick filaments: myosin

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15
Q

What are myofibrils

A

More or less fill the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of the muscle fibre and extend its entire length within the cell

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16
Q

What are myofilaments

A

They do not extend the length of the muscle fibre but are arranged in compartments called sarcomeres.

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17
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

The basic functional unit of a myofibril/ Z disc separates sarcomeres.

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18
Q

What are the different connective tissues of the skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm

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19
Q

What is epimysium of the skeletal muscle

A

Surrounds the anatomical structure

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20
Q

What is the perimysium of the skeletal muscle

A

Around fasicles

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21
Q

What is the endomysium of the skeletal muscle location

A

Is around muscle fibres (“cell”) - layer for capillaries/nerves).

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22
Q

What is the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle

A

The actual cell of the plasma membrane

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23
Q

What is the sarcoplasm

A

The cell cytoplasm

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24
Q

What do the thick and thin myofilaments overlap to produce

A

The striations in the myofibril

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25
A band of the myofilament
Dark; middle part; contains all the thick filaments
26
I band of the myofilament
Think filaments; but no thick filaments
27
H zone of the myofilaments
Thick filaments but no thin filaments
28
M line of the myofilament
Middle of sarcomere (holds thick filaments together)
29
Z disc of the myofilament
Passes through centre of I band (between sarcomeres) made up of 'actinins' - that link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres
30
What is titin of the myofilament
Links Z to M line; provides resting tension in I band, molecular spring.
31
Is this relaxed, partially contracted, or maximally contracted muscle
Relaxed muscle
32
Is this relaxed, partially contracted, or maximally contracted muscle
Partially contracted
33
Is this relaxed, partially contracted, or maximally contracted muscle
Maximally contracted muscle
34
Cardiac muscle (location structure and function)
Located in the heart. Still have actin and myosin Structure: striated; branched; single central nucleus; fibres join end to end through intercalated discs.
35
What do intercalated discs in cardiac muscle contain
1. Desmosomes (bind intermediate filaments) - provide adhesion in contraction 2. Gap Junctions (communication) - coordinated rapid conduction
36
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
37
In this intercalated disc, what is the red and blue arrow pointing to
Red: Gap junction Blue: desmosome
38
What is this
Cardiac muscle tissue
39
Smooth muscle location
In the walls of hollow internal structures
40
What are examples of where smooth muscle are located and used for
* Intestines (peristalsis) * blood vessel walls (constriction) Also * iris of eye * reproductive * digestive * respiratory * urinary * skin erector pili
41
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
42
Smooth muscle structure
Short, small, spindle-shaped,. Non-striated, and has a single central nucleus.
43
How are smooth muscle fibres striated
Smooth muscle fibres are non-striated, but still have bundles of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments. * Thin filaments (actin) attatch to "dense bodies", functionally similar to Z discs
44
What is this
Smooth muscle tissue
45
What connects to dense bodies in smooth muscle cells
Thin filaments (actin) and also intermediate filaments (non-contractile elements)
46
What is the major protein in dense bodies
Actinin
47
What happens during contraction in smooth muscle cells
Tension is transmitted to the intermediate filaments (don't contract) and the cell twists as it contracts.
48
# And their functions within NS What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system
Central nervous system (brain and spinal chord) Peripheral nervous system (all nervous systems outside CNS)
49
Two divisions of the PNS
Sensory/afferent division: information to the CNS Motor/efferent division: Information from CNS to the organs (muscles and glands).
50
What does nervous system help to
Maintain homeostasis (along with the endocrine system) Initiates voluntary movement Responsible for perception, behaviour and memory.
51
Activities grouped by the nervous system are grouped under three major functions
i. Sensory ii. Integrative iii. Motor
52
What is sensory function of the nervous system
Detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS
53
What is the intergrative function of the nervous system
Analysis and storing of information
54
What is the motor function of the nervous system
Stimulation of effectors (e.g muscles and glands) through PNS i.e motor here means "effector".
55
The nervous tissue consists what two types of cells
Neurons (nerve cells that can be very large) Neuroglia (supportive cells - usually small)
56
What are the longest cells in the body and what control do they have
Neurons - conscious and unconscious control
57
What is this
Neuron of spinal cord
58
What are neurons
Have a cell body into which short, branched dendrites convey nerve impulses (action potentials) and from which a longer, single axon conducts nerve impulses to another neuron or tissue.
59
Neurons - dendrites
The receiving/input part of the neuron
60
Neurons - axons
Carries the nerve impulse away from the neuron. It is the output portion of the neuron.
61
True or false: neurons do not divide, have high metabolic rates and die without CO2
True
62
What are multipolar neurons and where are they most common,y found
Have two or more dendrites and a single axon. Most common neurons in CNS and all motor neurons (control skeletal muscle) are in the class.
63
What is this
Multi-polar neurons
64
What are the two distinct process of bipolar neurons
* 1 dendritic process (can branch at tip but not at cell body) * 1 axon
65
Structure of bipolar neurons
* Has cell body between axon and dendrite
66
Function of bipolar neurons
Have special sesne organs (sight, smell, hearing) that relay information from receptor to neurons.
67
What is this
Bi-polar neurons
68
What are unipolar neurons
* The dendrites and axons are continuous * Cell body off to one side * Very long
69
Where type of neurons are most sensory nerves found in
Unipolar neurons
70
What is this
Unipolar neurons
71
What are anaxonic neurons
Are rare and function poorly understood Anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites and axons.
72
Whereare anaxonic neurons found
Brain and special sense organs
73
# systems Where are neuroglia found
In both CNS and PNS
74
# more or less Which is bigger: neuroglia or neurons
Neuroglia is smaller than neurons, but more numerous
75
Neuroglia do not propagate __ _____ but can _________.
Action potentials, communicate
76
Function of neuroglia
- Physical structure of nervous tissue - Repair framework of nervous tissue - Undertake phagocytosis - Nutrient supply to neurons - regular interstitial fluid in neural tissue
77
What are the 4 different classifications of CNS Neuroglia
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells
78
What is the most numerous neuroglia and what is its structure
Astrocytes - star shaped, largest neuroglia in size
79
What neuroglia is this
Astrocytes
80
CNS Neuroglia - Astrocytes function
- Star-shaped, largest most numerous of neuroglia - Support and repair - Communicate with neurons - maintain environment around neuron - maintain the blood-brain barrier via endothelium. Wraps around vessels ad influence their permeability.
81
CNS Neuroglia - Oligodendrocytes
Form insulating multi-layered myelin sheath (protein-lipid layer) around CNS axons Can myelinate more than one neuron cell's axon. Accelerate the action potential.
82
CNS Neuroglia - Microglia
Phagocytic (resident macrophages) for protection
83
What does this image show
Inactive microglia
84
What does this image show
Active microglia
85
# what it produces and CNS Neuroglia - what do ependymal cells produce
Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
86
# what it lines CNS Neuroglia - where ependymal cells found
Lines the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
87
Where are the ependymal cells located?
Ventricles and in other locations where CNS is found
88
Do ependymal cells have cilia and microvilli
Yes
89
What is the function of CSF
Mechanical buffers; move nutrients and waste
90
What cells are shown
Ependymal cells
91
What are the two types of PNS neuroglia?
Schwann and satellite cells
92
PNS - Schwann cells
PNS version of oligpdendrocyte Form insulating myelin sheath around axons or can just support and surround several non-myelinated azons
93
What are neurilemmas
The outer surface of the Schwann cells
94
What can a single Schwann cell form, and what is this function
The internode of many unmyelinated axons. This stabilises the position of these axons and isolates them from chemicals in surrounding interstitial fluid.
95
PNS - Satellite cells
Surround neuron cell bodies Support and fluid exchange
96
Smooth muscle - thin and intermediate filaments
Thin filaments attach to 'dense bodies'. and functionally similar to Z disc. Intermediate filaments (non-contractile elements) also connect to dense bodies.
97
Where are anaxonic neurons found
brain and special sense organs

biosci (28 decks)

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