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biosci > Harvesting chemical energy > Flashcards

Harvesting chemical energy Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to ATP in mitochondria?

A

In mitochondria, ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and an inorganic phosphate molecule

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2
Q

In summary, how is energy gained for bodily processes?

A

Cellular respiration is used to generate ATP which in turn provides energy for cellular processes via the transition between substrate ATP and product ADP

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3
Q

What is the ATP cycle?

A

The ATP cycle is the transfer of energy between complex molecules and simple molecules, using ATP

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4
Q

What are catabolic reactions

A

Catabolic reactions transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP - breakdown of complex molecules to simple molecules

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5
Q

What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?

A

A catabolic reaction

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6
Q

What are examples of the complex molecules that anabolic reactions transfer energy of ATP to

A

Glycogen, proteins, and tryglycerides

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7
Q

What are examples of simple molecules that form catabolic reactions transfer energy from complex molcules to ATP

A

Simple molecules such as glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids

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8
Q

What are anabolic reactions

A

Anabolic reactions transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules - addition of many simple molecules to form complex molecules

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9
Q

What are the three main sources of fuel in the body

A

The three main sources of fuel are carbohydrates (absorbed as simple sugars), proteins (absorbed as amino acids), and fats (absorbed as simple fats)

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10
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down and absorbed as

A

Simple sugars

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11
Q

What are proteins broken down and absorbed as

A

Amino acids

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12
Q

What are fats broken down and absorbed as

A

Simple fats

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13
Q

Main steps of fuel transferred to ATP energy

A
  1. organic molecules in food
  2. digestion and absorption (heat loss)
  3. nutrient molecules in body cells (energy lost in nitrogenous waste)
  4. cellular respiration (heat loss)
  5. ATP
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14
Q

What are the two ways that glucose can be used in the body

A
  1. Cellular respiration -> cellular work
  2. Storage for harder times -> glucose cross linked together, called glycogen, in liver and skeletal muscle
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15
Q

When glucose in bloodstream goes into the cell, what hormone is it facilitated by

A

Insulin

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16
Q

When storage of harder times goes back to glucose in bloodstream step, what hormone is ti facilitated by

A

Glucagon

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17
Q

What ar the 4 main steps of the conversion of glucose to ATP

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Citric acid cycle
  4. Electron transport chain
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18
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytosol

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19
Q

Is oxygen required in glycolysis

A

No

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20
Q

What reactants are required in glycolysis?

A

Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

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21
Q

What products are formed in glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

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22
Q

What net ATP is produced in glycolysis?

A

Net of 2 ATP

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23
Q

What is pyruvate oxidation and what does it produce

A

Links glycolysis to the citric acid and forms Acetyl CoA

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24
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur

A

Mitochondrion

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25
Q

How many ATP does pyruvate oxidation produce?

A

0 ATP

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26
Q

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

A

PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE:
(Acetyl-CoA, carbon dioxide, NADH) x2

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27
Q

What is the function of the Acetyl CoA produced in pyruvate oxidation

A

Enables the 2-carbon acetyl group to enter the citric acid cycle

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28
Q

Reactants and products in pyruvate oxidation

A

Pyruvate + O2 –> (Acetyl-CoA, carbon dioxide, NADH) x2

29
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

What is the citric cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, forming citric acid with oxaloacetic acid, and then a series of reactions occurs in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next

31
Q

What products does the citric acid result in:

A

Per glucose molecule:
* 2 ATP
* 6NADH
* 2FADH2
* 4 CO2

32
Q

FADH2 and NADH are ____ in the electron transport chain

A

Electron donors

33
Q

What are the reactants of citric cycle

A

Oxaloacetic acid

34
Q

The citric cycle completes the extraction of _______

A

Energy from glucose

35
Q

How much ATP does the citric cycle produce

A

2 ATP per glucose

36
Q

What is substrate phosphorylation

A

ATP generated by direct transfer (from a substrate) of a phosphate group to ADP

37
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP is generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2, and the subsequent transfer of electrons and pumping of proteins

38
Q

__ and __ make ATP via substrate phosphorylation

A

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle

39
Q

Where does electron transport chain occur

A

At proteins within the inner membrane

40
Q

What happens in the electron transport chain

A
  • NADH and FADH2 oxidised to donate electrons
  • e- transfer from protein-to-protein along chain through redox reactions
  • at each transfer, each e- gives up small amount of energy enabling H+ pumped into intermembrane space
  • O2 pulls e-down the chain, and is then the final electron acceptor where it is reduced to water
41
Q

__ and __ from glycolysis and the citric cycle are used in electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2

42
Q

What is chemiosmosis

A

A concentration gradient in which hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space rush down through ATP synthase.

This causes ‘turbine’ within ATP synthase to turn and enables phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP

43
Q

How much glucose is produced at the end of chemiosmosis

A

26 or 28 ATP per glucose

44
Q

Is substrate or oxidation phosphorylation more efficient

A

Oxidation

45
Q

What does the fall of electrons down the chain enable in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Enables movement of H+ ions into the intermembrane space and generates a proton gradient which “drives” the ATP synthase turbine

46
Q

How is cellular respiration versatile

A
  • can derive energy from that one glucose
  • fats, proteins and more complex carbohydrates also generate ATP
  • monomers enter glycolysis and the citric acid cycle at different points
47
Q

What substance is rate limiting for glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase

48
Q

How is the rate of cellular respiration regulated

A

It is regulated via a negative feedback loop, in which the end product inhibits earlier reactions

49
Q

When is AMP stimulated

A

When ATP is being used too rapidly

50
Q

What is insulin produced by

A

Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas

51
Q

What is the function of insulin

A

Promote glucose uptake into cells (for ATP production or liver storage)

52
Q

What is glucagon produced by

A

Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans in pancreas

53
Q

What is the function of glucagon

A

Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels

54
Q

Insulin is secreted when blood sugar level is (__) and glucagon is secreted when the blood sugar level is (__).

A

Increasing and decreasing

55
Q

How does the body respond when homeostasis is disturbed with increasing blood sugar levels

A

Respond with:
* increased rate of glucose transport into target cells
* increased rate of glucose use and ATP generation
* increased conversion of glucose to glycogen.

56
Q

Where are the effectors located when there is decreasing blood glucose level

A

Liver, skeletal muscle and adipose cells

57
Q

Where are the effectors located where there is increasing blood glucose level

A

All body cells

58
Q

How do the effectors respond when there is a decreasing blood glucose level

A
  • increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose (in the liver and skeletal muscle)
59
Q

Hyperglycemia is when there is ___ blood glucose level, and hypoglycemia is when there is a ___ blood glucose level

A

Increasing and decreasing

60
Q

What is the fasting blood glucose level?

A

around 4-6 mmol L-1

61
Q

What happens when you lose the function of insulin

A
  • No glucose in cells
  • No ATP from glucose
  • No glycogen stored for harder times
62
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A
  • The ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired.
  • Results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood
63
Q

What happens in type 1 diabetes

A

Body does not produce insulin, as beta cells of pancrease are destroyed. Requires insulin replacement

64
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Body produces insulin, but receptors are non functional (insulin resistance). Can be linked to other pathologies and obesity

65
Q

What percentage of diabetics are type 1 and type 2

A

5-10% of diabetics are type 1, and most (>90%) are type2

66
Q

What is diabetes mellitus caused by

A

Lack of functional insulin

67
Q

What happens in diabetes mellitus that leads to its consequences

A
  • Levels of glucose in blood increase due to lack of functional insulin.
  • Increase blood glucose alters the volume and osmolarity of blood, with subsequent pathological consequences.
68
Q

What are the two symtoms of diabetes mellitus

A

Significant increased hunger and weight loss

69
Q

Glycolysis and Citric Acid cycle make ATP via ___

A

Substrate phosphorylation

biosci (28 decks)

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