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biosci > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

3

Connective tissue function

A
  1. Binds, supports and strengthens other body tissues
  2. A major transport system of the body (blood is a CT)
  3. A major site of stored energy reserves
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2
Q

What is CT composed of

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells
CT = ECM + CELLS

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3
Q

What is the ECM composed of

A
  • Ground substance, in association with
  • Protein Fibres
    ECM = GS + Fibres
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4
Q

What is ground substance composed of

A
  • Water
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides (sugars) - contains GAGS).
    GS = H20 + proteins + polysaccharides
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5
Q

Function of ground substance

A

Supports cells and fibres, binds them together, and proides a medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells.

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6
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans

A

Long unbranched polysaccharides made up of amino acid and uronic sugar.

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7
Q

What are the two types of glycosaminoglycans

A

There are two types; sulphated and non-sulphated.

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8
Q

What are proteoglycans

A

Formed from GAGS (long unbranched polysaccharides) and binded to proteins

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9
Q

What is hyaluronic acid

A

Type of non-sulphated GAGS therefore not bound to a core protein

Viscious slippery substance that binds cells together. lubricates joints and maintains shape of eyeball

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10
Q

Is hyluronic acid highly polar or non-polar and what does this mean

A

Highly polar therefore can attract and trap water becoming sort of slippery

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11
Q

What is hyaluronidase

A

Enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid

This makes ground substance more liquid so allow species to move more easily in it or makes access to the egg easier for sperm.

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12
Q

What is hyaluronidase produced by

A

Produced by white blood cells, sperm and some bacteria

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13
Q

What is chondroitin sulphate

A

Type of sulphated GAGS that support and provide the adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin , blood vessels

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14
Q

What is keratan sulphate

A

Type of sulphated GAGS found in bone, cartilage, cornea of the eye

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15
Q

What is dermantan sulphate

A

Sulphated GAGS found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves

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16
Q

What are the three types of protein fibres

A
  1. Collagen fibres
  2. Reticular fibres
  3. Elastic fibres
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17
Q

What are collagen fibres and where are they commonly found

A

A protein fibre that makes up the ECM of CT.

Strong but flexible to resist pulling forces.
Common in bone, cartilages, tendons and ligaments

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18
Q

What is the most abundant protein in body

A

Collagen fibres

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19
Q

What are reticular fibres and what is its function

A

A protein fibre made from collagen and glycoproteins that makes up the ECM of CT.

Provides strength and support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells.

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20
Q

What are reticular fibres made up of

A

Made up of fine bundles of collagen fibres with coating of glycoprotein. Made by fibroblasts (like reticular lamina of basement membrane)

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21
Q

Where are reticular fibres found

A

Found in basement membrane, vessels, adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle tissues

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22
Q

What are elastic fibres

A

A protein fibre that makes up the ECM of CT.

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23
Q

What are elastic fibres made from and what is its function

A

Made up of elastin surrounded by fibrillin giving strength and stability. Allows tissue to be stretched.

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24
Q

Where are elastic fibres found in the body

A

Found in skin, blood vessles, and lung

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25
Q

Symptoms of Marfan’s Syndrome

A

Usually tall, long-limbed, and often with a chest deformity.

May have weakened heart valves and arterial walls.

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26
Q

How is Marfan’s syndrome caused

A

A defect in the elastic fibres that usually results from a dominant mutation in a gene on chromosome 15, which codes for fibrillin.

Body produces growth factor that increases body growth because it does not bind normally to fibrilin.

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27
Q

What are the two most common types of cells that make up CT?

A

Fibroblasts and Adipocytes

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28
Q

What are fibroblasts

A

Cells of CT (large and flat) widely distributed in CT
* Secrete components of that matrix (fibres and ground substances)
* move through connective tissue and secret fibres and ground substance

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29
Q

What are adipocytes

A

Cells of CT (far cells)
Found under skin and around organs.
Stores fat

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30
Q

What are macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells that developed from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis.

Fixed and wandering forms in CT (sites of infection/inflammation/injury)

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31
Q

What are plasma cells

A

From B-lymphocytes (produce antibodies).

Found most commonly in gut, lung, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen and red bone marrow

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32
Q

What are mast cells and where are they found

A

Produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria.

They are alongside blood vessels

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33
Q

What are leucocytes

A

White blood cells

Migrate out from blood

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34
Q

What are the two classifications of CT

A
  1. Embryonic
  2. Mature
35
Q

Two types of embryonic CT

A
  1. Mesenchyme
  2. Mucous
36
Q

What is mesenchyme CT

A

Gives rise to all other connective tissues. Consist of connective tissue cells (mesenchyme cells) in a semi-fluid ground substance containing reticular fibres

37
Q

what does it have

What is mucous CT and its function

A

Have widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in a jelly-like ground substance.
Supports umbilical cord of foetus

38
Q

6

What are the types of mature CT

A
  1. Loose
  2. Dense
  3. Blood fluid
  4. Lymph fluid
  5. Cartilage supporting
  6. Bone supporting
39
Q

What are the three types of loose CT

A
  1. Areolar connective tissue
  2. Adipose connective tissue
    3 Reticular connective tissue
40
Q

Three types of areolar CT

A

Collagen, reticular, and elastic.

41
Q

What is the function of aerolar CT

A

Strength, elasticity, and support

42
Q

alot

Where is areolar CT found

A

Widely distributed around almost every structure, like a packing material

43
Q

What is adipose CT

A

Adipocytes dominant
Central triglyceride droplet
Found with areolar CT.

44
Q

The two types of adipose CT and their functions

A

White adipose: energy storage
Brown adipose: heat production

Insulation, energy source, temperature control

45
Q

What is reticular CT and where is it found

A

An interlacing network of reticular fibres,
Found in the storms of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular laminate of basement membrane, and around blood vessels and muscles

46
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Dense elastic

47
Q

Where is dense regular CT located

A

Located in tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis.

48
Q

What is the structure and appearance of regular CT

A

Regularly arranged collagen
Shiny white colour

49
Q

Function of dense regular CT

A

Slow healing and attatchment

50
Q

What is dense irregular CT and where is it found

A

Made up of collagen fibres; usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts.

Often occurs in sheets such as fascia, reticular region of skin dermis, fibrous pericardium of heart, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs also in heart valves

51
Q

What is dense elastic CT and where is it found

A

Elastic connective tissue containing mostly elastic fibres with fibroblasts between them. Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, vocal cords, suspensions ligaments of penis, some ligaments between vertebrae.

52
Q

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone.

53
Q

What are the three types of cartilage supporting CT

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

54
Q

What is hyaline cartilage

A

Abundant cartilage that is relatively weak with a resilient gel in which fibres ar present but not obvious

55
Q

What is the location and function of hyaline cartilage

A

Location: in nasal septum, and ends of long bones

Function: Flexibility and movement

56
Q

What is elastic cartilage

A
57
Q

What is fibrocartilage

A
58
Q

What are bones

A

Organs composed of several connective tissue types, including bone tissue.

59
Q

The two types of bone tissue

A
  1. Compact
  2. Spongey
60
Q

What is compact bone tissue

A

The outer layer of bone that forms the shaft of long bones. Contains osteons

61
Q

What is the function of compact bone tissue

A

Stores calcium and phosphates
For protection and support

62
Q

and what it lacks

What is spongey bone tissue

A

Porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath compact bone.

Lacks osteons and stores triglycerides and produces blood cells

63
Q

What are the four cell types found in bone

A
  1. Osteogenic
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
64
Q

What are osteogenic blood cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells that develop, sand when it starts to lay down collagen, it becomes trapped and become osteoblasts

65
Q

What are osteoblast blood cells

A

Bone forming cells. They lay down more collagen, and mineralisation process begins

66
Q

What are osteocyte blood cells

A

Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped within the ECM.

Maintains bone tissue, and is involved in the exchange of nutrients and waste.

Have gap junctions

67
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Large, multi-nucleated cells formed from the fusion of blood monocytes.
Break-down bone

68
Q

What are the four components that make up the osteons (haversian systems)

A
  1. Lamellae
  2. Lacunae
  3. Canaliculi
  4. Central (Haversian canal)
69
Q

What are lamellae

A

Concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness, and collagen for tensile strength.

70
Q

What are lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)

71
Q

What are canaliculi

A

“minute canals” (containing EC fluid and minute osteocytic processes) that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients, and waste.

72
Q

What are central (haversion) canal

A

Blood, lymph, and nerves

73
Q

What happens if you fracture your bone

A

Osteoclasts reabsorb new bone

Chondroblasts lay down hyaline cartilage callus

Osteoblasts lay down new bone

Osteoclasts remodel new bone

74
Q

What is blood connective tissue

A

Consists of blood plasma (a liquid ECM) and formed elements (red cells, white cells and platelets).

75
Q

Blood: Erythrocytes

A

Transpor O2 and CO2

76
Q

Leukocytes

A

Combat disease

77
Q

Leukocytes: Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)

A

Phagocytic: engulf bacteria by migrating to sites of infection and destroy microbes by phagocytosis

78
Q

Leukocytes: Basophils (mature) and mast cellss

A

Mature are fixed in tissues, release substances e.g histamine that intensify the inflammatory reaction

79
Q

Leukocytes: Eosinophils

A

Effective against certain parasitic worms and migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses.

80
Q

Leukocytes: lymphocytes

A

Involved in the immune response

81
Q

Platelets

A

Clotting

82
Q

What is the function of reticular connective tissue

A

Forms stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissues cells, filters and removed worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes

83
Q

Function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Provides tensile pulling strength in many directions

84
Q

Function of elastic connective tissue

A

Allows stretching of various organs, is strong and can recoil to original shape after being stretched. Elasticity is important for normal functioning of lung tissue and elastic arteries.

biosci (28 decks)

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