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organisation in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

epithelial tissue function

A

lines the inside of organs

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2
Q

muscular tissue function

A

contracts and relaxes to bring about movement

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3
Q

glandular tissue function

A

makes and secretes chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

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4
Q

organ definition

A

group of tissues that perform a specific function

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5
Q

what tissue does the stomach contain?

A

muscular tissue and epithelial tissue

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6
Q

organ system definition

A

a group of organs working together to perform a specific function

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7
Q

organisms definition

A

different organ systems working together to make an entire organism

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8
Q

cell definition

A

the smallest unit of all living organisms.

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9
Q

tissue definition

A

group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function

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10
Q

multi-cellular definition

A

an organism made of many organ systems that work together

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11
Q

heart definition

A

a muscular organ that contracts to generate a force that moves the blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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12
Q

right ventricle function

A

pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

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13
Q

left ventricle function

A

pumps blood around the rest of the body to deliver the oxygen to tissues and organs

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14
Q

valves function in the heart

A

make sure that blood only flows in one direction

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15
Q

aorta function

A
  • carries oxygenated blood at high pressure to the arteries
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16
Q

vena cava function

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body back to the right atrium

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17
Q

pulmonary artery function

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs
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18
Q

pulmonary vein function

A
  • carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
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19
Q

coronary arteries function

A
  • deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscle cells that make up the heart walls
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20
Q

right atrium function

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body
  • contracts to generate a small force to move the deoxygenated blood the right ventricle through the atrio-ventricular valves
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21
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium
- contracts to generate a high force to move the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta

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22
Q

where do arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

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23
Q

where do veins carry blood

A

towards the heart

24
Q

what is the heart made up of?

A
  • cardiac muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
25
Q

why does the muscle tissue contract?

A

to generate a force to move the blood through the blood vessels

26
Q

artery function

A
  • carries blood away from the heart
  • carries oxygenated blood
  • carries blood at high pressure
27
Q

capillary function

A
  • exchange of nutrients e.g. glucose and oxygen from plasma to cells
  • exchange of waste products e.g. carbon dioxide from cells to plasma
28
Q

vein function

A
  • carries blood towards the heart
  • carries deoxygenated blood
  • carried at low pressure
29
Q

what is CHD?

A

a disease of the heart caused by the malfunctioning of the coronary arteries

30
Q

what happens in CHD?

A

layers of fatty material build up in the walls of the coronary arteries, narrowing them
- this reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries resulting in lack of oxygen for the heart muscle

31
Q

risk factors of CHD?

A
  • age
  • gender ~ males have higher risk
  • family history
    -smoking
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • obesity
  • high blood cholesterol
32
Q

symptoms of CHD?

A
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • heart palpitations
  • heart attack
33
Q

name the metal mesh used to treat patients with CHD

A

stent

34
Q

what is a stent?

A
  • metal mesh that is inserted into an artery to keep the lumen of the artery open
    -c it does this by pushing a wall cop the artery outwards
35
Q

advantages of stents?

A
  • lower risk of a heart attack in people with CHD
  • quick operation, effective and patients recover quickly
36
Q

disadvantages of stents?

A
  • complications can occur during surgery e.g. heart attack
  • risk of infection as a result of the operation
  • risk of forming a blood clot which can lead to a stroke or heart attack
37
Q

what are statins used for?

A

to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slow down the rate of fatty material deposit

38
Q

how do statins work?

A
  • reduces the amount gf LDL cholesterol in the blood. LDLs carry fat to the artery wall and increase the amount of fat that is deposited in the artery wall
  • increases the amount of HDL cholesterol in the blood. HDLs carry fat away from the artery wall and decrease the amount of fat that is deposited in the artery wall
39
Q

statin advantages?

A

-reduces risk of strokes CHD and heart attacks (by reducing the level of cholesterol in the blood)
- may prevent some other diseases

40
Q

statin disadvantages?

A
  • must be taken regularly over a long period of time. people can and do forget to take them
  • negative side effects can occur e.g. headaches, kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss
  • the effect of statins isn’t immediate; it takes time for the statins to have beneficial effect
41
Q

causes of faulty heart valves?

A
  • heart attack
  • infection
  • old age
42
Q

function of heart valves?

A

to maintain blood flow in one direction

43
Q

what do atrioventricular and semilunar valves prevent?

A
  • atrioventricular valves prevent the back flow of blood from ventricles to the atria
  • semilunar valves prevent the back flow of blood from the blood vessel to the ventricle
44
Q

consequences of faulty valves?

A
  • person becomes breathless as they have low oxygen supply
  • person can potentially die
45
Q

advantages of replacing faulty valves with both type of valves (biological and mechanical)

A
  • more respiration occurs
  • more energy can therefore be released
  • this means the person can lead a more active life
46
Q

difference between mechanical and biological heart valves

A
  • mechanical valves are made of titanium and polymers e.g. man made
  • biological heart valves are usually taken from other humans or animals such as cattle or pigs
47
Q

mechanical valve advantages

A
  • last long time
  • very effective
  • no need to replace = permanent
  • no ethical issues
48
Q

biological valves advantages

A
  • no medication is needed
  • fully effective
49
Q

mechanical valve disadvantages

A
  • requires anticoagulants to be taken for life
  • open heart surgery is needed to insert the mechanical valve
50
Q

biological valve disadvantages

A
  • usually need replacing after 15 years
51
Q

red blood cell function

A

carry oxygen bound to haemoglobin

52
Q

why have scientists developed artificial hearts?

A
  • shortage of donor hearts available in the UK
  • extends patients life until a donor heart is available
  • artificial hearts are occasionally used to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery
53
Q

white blood cell function

A
  • produces antibodies
  • produces antitoxins
  • carries out phagocytosis
54
Q

platelets function

A
  • starts the clotting process by helping form a mesh over the wound that traps blood cells
  • a lack of platelets can lead to excessive bleeding and bruising
55
Q

which type of blood vessel has a pulse

A

arteries

Biology (13 decks)

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