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GCSE Biology Mock Revision Cards > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Put the following in order of size from the smallest to the largest:

Organ
Organism
Cell
Tissue
Organ System
A

Cell ==> Tissue ==> Organ ==> Organ System ==> Organism

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2
Q

Define ‘Organism’

A

A group of organ systems working together.

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3
Q

Define ‘Organ system’

A

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

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4
Q

Define ‘Organ’

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function.

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5
Q

Define ‘Tissue’

A

A group of similar cells with a similar structure and function.

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6
Q

Define ‘Cell’

A

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.

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7
Q

Starting from the top of the body name the 9 parts of the digestive system.

A

1) mouth/teeth
2) oesophagus
3) liver
4) stomach
5) gall bladder
6) pancreas
7) small intestine
8) large intestine
9) anus

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8
Q

What is digestion?

A

Large insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller soluble ones.

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9
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst – they speed up the rate of reaction without being used up.

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10
Q

Name three Digestive Enzymes.

A

Amylase, Protease, Lipase.

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11
Q

Where is Amylase released and what does it breakdown?

A

Salivary glands and pancreas.

Carbohydrates into simple sugars.

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12
Q

Where is Protease released and what does it breakdown?

A

Stomarch and pancreas.

Proteins into amino acids.

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13
Q

Where is Lipase released and what does it breakdown?

A

Pancreas.

Fats and oils (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol.

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14
Q

What biological molecule are enzymes made of?

A

Proteins.

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15
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

It is where the substrate binds.

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16
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Substance (chemical) that the enzyme acts on.

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17
Q

What are the products of digestion used for in the body?

A

They are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the body. Glucose is used in respiration.

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18
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

That the active site of the enzyme has changed shape so the substrate cannot fit.

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19
Q

How does increasing the temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

Initially it increases the rate of reaction due to increased collisions between the enzyme and substrates, if the temperature is too high the enzyme will denature.

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20
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

Enzymes have optimum pH conditions, if these are too alkaline or acidic the enzyme denatures.

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21
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion?

A

It neutralises stomach. (hydrochloric) acid and emulsifies fats.

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22
Q

Where in the body is bile made?

A

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

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23
Q

Draw and lable a diagram of the human heart on a peice of paper.

A 
Make sure you have included :
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
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24
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

Where blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs and the body at the same time.

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25
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that controls the heart rate.

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26
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries?

A

To supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

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27
Q

Where does the left atrium pump blood to?

A

To the left ventricle.

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28
Q

Draw and lable a diagram of the human lungs on a peice of paper.

A 
Make sure you have included:
Trachea
Lung
Diaphragm 
Bronchioles
Bronchus
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29
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

In the alveoli.

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30
Q

Name the gas that moves from the blood into the lungs.

A

Carbon dioxide.

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31
Q

Name the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries.

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32
Q

Which blood vessels are only one cell thick?

A

Capillaries.

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33
Q

Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls?

A

Arteries.

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34
Q

Which blood vessels have valves?

A

Veins.

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35
Q

What is plasma?

A

The pale yellow fluid part of blood, it transports cells, CO2, hormones and waste.

36
Q

What is the role of a red blood cell?

A

To carry oxygen around the

body.

37
Q

In what two ways can white blood cells fight infection?

A

They can produce antibodies that destroy microbes or they can engulf microbes.

38
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

They form clots to reduce bleeding.

39
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Where layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them.

40
Q

What are the risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and not enough exercise.

41
Q

What is a stent?

A

A metal cylinder grid that is inserted into an artery to keep the artery open.

42
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that reduce the harmful cholesterol in the blood .

43
Q

What is the role of heart valves?

A

To stop the blood in the heart from flowing in the wrong direction.

44
Q

Give two faults that can occur with heart valves.

A

They may not open fully or develop a leak.

45
Q

What treatment can be given to a person with faulty heart valves?

A

They can have their heart valves replaced (biological or mechanical).

46
Q

Name three conditions that can lead to heart failure.

A

Atherosclerosis (CHD), cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease (born with it).

47
Q

Define the word health.

A

A state of complete physical and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

48
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Infectious diseases caused by microbes that can be spread.

49
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases not caused by infections and cannot be spread.

50
Q

Name 4 ways that different types of disease can interact to make a person ill.

A

Defects in the immune system, viruses that can trigger cancer, immune reactions caused by pathogens, physical ill health.

51
Q

List some human costs of non-communicable diseases

A

Lower quality of life, shorter life span.

52
Q

List some financial costs of non-communicable diseases

A

Healthcare costs, reduced income, buying of specialist equipment.

53
Q

Name two other risk factors that affect health

A

Lifestyle and substances taken into the body or in the environment.

54
Q

What are the risk factors for cardio vascular disease?

A

Diet, smoking, lack of exercise.

55
Q

What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity.

56
Q

How does alcohol cause liver disease?

A

It causes the liver to become fatty and this can lead to cirrhosis.

57
Q

What does alcohol damage in the brain?

A

It damages the nerve cells and the brain mass may shrink.

58
Q

What is COPD?

A

A group of lung diseases that narrow airways making it difficult for people to move air in and out of the lungs.

59
Q

Give two examples of COPD.

A

Bronchitis and emphysema.

60
Q

What is the main cause of COPD?

A

Smoking.

61
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for lung cancer?

A

Smoking.

62
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Persistent cough, frequent chest infections, coughing up blood, breathlessness.

63
Q

What are the risks of smoking while pregnant?

A

Miscarriage, premature births, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

64
Q

What is the risk of heavy drinking throughout pregnancy?

A

It can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome.

65
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

A substance that can cause cancer.

66
Q

How can carcinogens cause cancer?

A

They damage DNA or speed up cell division and increase the chance of a mutation occurring.

67
Q

Name four types of carcinogens?

A

Tobacco, alcohol, occupational carcinogens, ionising radiation.

68
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell growth.

69
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

An abnormal growth of cell in a membrane contained in one area.

70
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

An abnormal growth of cells that invade other tissues and can spread in the body.

71
Q

Which type of tumour is

cancerous?

A

Malignant.

72
Q

`What is a plant tissue?

A

A group of similar plant cells working together to carry out a particular function.

73
Q

*What is the function of the plant tissue Epidermal?

A

Covers the surfaces of the plant for protection

74
Q

*What is the function of the plant tissue Palisade Mesophyll?

A

The cells are packed with chloroplasts it is the site of most of the photosynthesis

75
Q

*What is the function of the plant tissue Spongy Mesophyll?

A

Photosynthesis also occurs in the cells here. Large air spaces for gas exchange

76
Q

*What is the function of the plant tissue Xylem and Phloem?

A

Form vascular bundles and transport water, mineral ions and glucose around the plant

77
Q

*What is the function of the plant tissue Meristem?

A

Found at the tips of roots and shoots. Where cell differentiation occurs

78
Q

What is the role of the leaf organ?

A

Photosynthesis and respiration.

79
Q

What is the role of the guard cells?

A

To open and close to let gases diffuse in and out through the stoma.

80
Q

What is a plant organ?

A

A group of plant tissues working together to carry out a particular function.

81
Q

Name the organs in the plant organ system that transports substances around the plant.

A

Stem, leaf and root.

82
Q

What is the role of the root hair cell?

A

To take in water and mineral ions from the soil.

83
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves.

84
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.

85
Q

What factors increase the rate of transpiration?

A

Increased temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity.

GCSE Biology Mock Revision Cards (5 decks)

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