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GCSE Biology Mock Revision Cards > Infection and Responce > Flashcards

Infection and Responce Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a pathogen?

A

Micro-organisms which cause infectious disease in animals & plants.

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2
Q

List four types of micro-organism which can act as pathogens.

A

Bacteria, Virus, Protist, Fungus.

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3
Q

Describe one similarity between how bacteria and viruses act as pathogens.

A

Reproduce rapidly inside the body.

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4
Q

Describe one difference between how bacteria and viruses act as pathogens.

A

Bacteria produce toxins that damage tissues whilst Viruses live and reproduce inside cells causing cell damage.

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5
Q

What do pathogens need from the host organism?

A

Suitable conditions and nutrition to be able to grow and reproduce.

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6
Q

Complete the sentences:

HIV can be successfully controlled with __1__drugs. If the immune system is badly damaged then 2 may develop.

A

1) antiretroviral

2) AIDS

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7
Q

What is Measles caused by?

A

A Virus

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of Measles?

A

Fever

Red skin rash

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9
Q

How is Measles transmitted?

A

Droplet infection from sneezes and coughs

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10
Q

How is the spread of Measles controlled?

A

Child Vaccination

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11
Q

What is Salmonella caused by?

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Salmonella?

A

Fever, Cramp, Vomiting, Diarrhoea

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13
Q

How is Salmonella transmitted?

A

Food prepared in unhygienic conditions or not cooked properly

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14
Q

How is the spread of Salmonella controlled?

A

Improve food hygiene, wash hands, vaccinate poultry, cook food thoroughly

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15
Q

What is Rose Black Spot caused by?

A

Fungus

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot?

A

Purple-black spots on leaves

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17
Q

How is Rose Black Spot transmitted?

A

Spores carried via wind/water

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18
Q

How is the spread of Rose Black Spot controlled?

A

Remove infected leaves and spray with pesticide

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19
Q

What is Gonorrhoea caused by?

A

Bacteria

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

Green discharge from penis or vagina

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21
Q

How is Gonorrhoea transmitted?

A

Direct sexual contact or body fluids

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22
Q

How is the spread of Gonorrhoea controlled?

A

Use of a condom and treat infected person with antibiotics

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23
Q

What is Malaria caused by?

A

Protist

24
Q

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

A

Recurrent fever

25
Q

How is Malaria transmitted?

A

By a vector from an infected person

26
Q

How is the spread of Malaria controlled?

A

Preventing breeding of mosquitoes or use of a net to prevent being bitten

27
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus caused by?

A

Virus

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

Mosaic pattern on leaves

29
Q

How is Tobacco Mosaic Virus transmitted?

A

wounds in epidermis caused by pests

30
Q

How is the spread of Tobacco Mosaic Virus controlled?

A

Remove infected leaves and control pests which are damaging leaves

31
Q

Name and describe 3 ways the human body defends against the entry of pathogens.

A

Skin – barrier, nose - nasal hairs, mucus and cilia, trachea & bronchi – mucus to catch, cilia to remove from lungs, stomach - HCl acid kills.

32
Q

Draw a series of pictures to show how white blood cells carry out phagocytosis.

A

Diagram of white blood cell moving towards and engulfing foreign body and then adding digestive enzymes.

33
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A protein on the surface of a pathogen.

34
Q

Why will the antibody produced for measles not be effective for other diseases?

A

The antibody has a specific shape which fits with a specific antigen.

35
Q

Why are dead or inactive pathogens used in a vaccine?

A

To stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies without causing the disease.

36
Q

What happens if the live pathogen invades the body after being vaccinated?

A

White blood cells able to respond much faster and produce more antibodies quicker to destroy the pathogens so the person doesn’t suffer the symptoms of the disease.

37
Q

What is an antibiotic and what is it used for?

A

Kills bacteria inside the body without harming human cells.

38
Q

Why is there a growing concern about bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

A

The resistant bacteria are not killed and can continue to multiply inside the body making the person very ill and infecting others too.

39
Q

Which one of these statements is true?

Painkillers are used to treat the symptoms of a disease and kill the pathogens which cause it

Painkillers are used to kill the pathogens causing a disease

A

Painkillers are used to treat the symptoms of a disease but do not kill the pathogens.

40
Q

Digitalis is a drug used for heart conditions.

It originates from _____

A

Foxgloves

41
Q

Aspirin is a drug used as a painkiller.

It originates from _____

A

Willow tree bark

42
Q

Penicillin is an antibiotic drug.

It originates from _____

A

Mould

43
Q

Any potential new drug has to go through a series of tests.

What is meant by the following terms?

1) Efficiency
2) Toxicity
3) Optimum dose

A

1) how effective the drug is
2) how poisonous the drug is
3) the minimum amount of the drug which provides the best response

44
Q

Number these statements to show the process of drug testing.

Drugs are trialled on live animals

Drugs are trialled on people with the disease the drug is for

Drugs are trialled in laboratories on cells and tissue cultures

Drugs are trialled on healthy volunteers

A
  1. Drugs are trialled on live animals
  2. Drugs are trialled on people with the disease the drug is for
  3. Drugs are trialled in laboratories on cells and tissue cultures
  4. Drugs are trialled on healthy volunteers
45
Q

Drug companies often use a placebo in their trials.

What is a placebo?

A

A medicine that does not contain the drug that is being trialled.

46
Q

Why are placebos used?

A

A placebo is used to check that there are no other factors which may cause the patient‘s condition to improve without the drug.

47
Q

Number these statements to show how monoclonal antibodies are produced.

Mouse lymphocytes produce antibodies.

The antibodies are collected and purified.

Mouse lymphocytes are collected.

Mouse is injected with a pathogen.

Hybridoma cells are separated and cultured to form a clone.

Mouse lymphocyte and mouse tumour cell are fused.

The clone produces large quantities of antibody.

A
  1. Mouse lymphocytes produce antibodies.
  2. The antibodies are collected and purified.
  3. Mouse lymphocytes are collected.
  4. Mouse is injected with a pathogen.
  5. Hybridoma cells are separated and cultured to form a clone.
  6. Mouse lymphocyte and mouse tumour cell are fused.
  7. The clone produces large quantities of antibody.
48
Q

What are the applications of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Pregnancy testing

Used to measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood

Treat some cancers by delivering a toxic drug to the cancer cells

To find various molecules in cells or tissues by binding to them with a fluorescent dye

49
Q

Why do some people feel the use of monoclonal antibodies is unethical?

A

Mouse has to suffer the disease deliberately

Mouse is induced to have cancer

Treatment not always safe

It’s very expensive and money could be better used

50
Q

Name 3 ways you can detect that a plant is diseased.

A

leaf spots/discolouration, growths,
malformed stems or leaves, presence of
pests, stunted growth, areas of decay (rot)

51
Q

What types of defences do plants use?

A

Mechanical, Chemical, Physical

52
Q

Give an example of a Mechanical plant defence and what the defence can defends against.

A

Thorns, hairs.

Defends against herbivores eating it.

53
Q

Give an example of a Chemical plant defence and what the defence can defends against.

A

The chemical released is antibacterial or poisonous.

Defends against Pathogens/Bactericia and Herbivores/Animals.

54
Q

Give an example of a Physical plant defence and what the defence can defends against.

A

1) Dead bark coating which falls off.
1) Defends against Herbivores and Pathogen entry.
2) Waxy cuticle/cellulose cell walls are hard to penetrate.
2) Defends against Insects such a aphids.

55
Q

Describe why nitrate ions are very important for plants.

A

Nitrate is crucial for protein synthesis and hence growth. Without sufficient nitrate ions, the plant would be stunted.

56
Q

What is chlorosis and how can it be prevented?

A

Chlorosis is the yellowing of the leaves. It can be prevented by providing the plant with magnesium.

57
Q

Why would a test kit containing monoclonal antibodies be useful to detect plant disease?

A

The monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect a particular chemical which is only present in one type of pathogen. This would then show whether the plant was infected with this disease or not.

GCSE Biology Mock Revision Cards (5 decks)

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