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GCSE Biology Mock Revision Cards > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

A

In a bacterial DNA loop and there may be one or more plasmid rings.

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2
Q

Where is the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The DNA is in chromosomes enclosed in a nucleus.

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3
Q

How many meters are in a Centi meter (cm)?

A

1 cm = 0.01 m (1 x 10 ^[-2])

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4
Q

How many meters are in a Milli meter (mm)?

A

1 mm = 0.001 m (1 x 10 ^[-3])

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5
Q

How many meters are in a Micro meter (𝛍m)?

A

1 𝛍m = 0.000 001 m (1 x 10 ^[-6])

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6
Q

How many meters are in a Nano meter (nm)?

A

1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m (1 x 10 ^[-9])

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7
Q

Why do scientists use prefixes?

A

To make very small numbers more manageable

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8
Q

Name the parts of an Animal cell.

A

1) Nucleus
2) Cytoplasm
3) Cell Membrane
4) Ribosome
5) mitochandria

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9
Q

Name the parts of a Plant cell.

A

1) Nucleus
2) Cytoplasm
3) Cell Membrane
4) Ribosome
5) mitochandria
6) (Permanent)Vacuole
7) Cell Wall
8) Chloroplast

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10
Q

Name the parts of a Bacterial cell.

A

1) Cytoplasm
2) Cell Wall
3) Cell Membrane
4) Bacterial DNA
5) Plasmid DNA

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11
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell

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12
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes

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13
Q

What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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14
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

Most energy is released by respiration here

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15
Q

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis happens here

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16
Q

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

A

Strengthens the cell – made of cellulose

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17
Q

What is the function of the Chlorplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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18
Q

What is the function of the Permanent Vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

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19
Q

What is the function of the Bacterial DNA?

A

Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus

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20
Q

What is the function of the Plasmid (DNA)?

A

Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification

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21
Q

What is the structure and function of a Sperm cell?

A

Function is to fertilise an egg.

  • Streamlined with a long tail to swim to the egg.
  • Acrosome in the head containing enzymes to digest the egg cell membrane.
  • Large number of mitochondria in the mid section to release energy for movement.
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22
Q

What is the structure and function of a Nerve cell?

A

Function is to carry electrical signals.

  • Long to carry signals long distances.
  • Branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network around the body.
  • Insulating sheath to enhance transmission of electrical signals.
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23
Q

What is the structure and function of a Muscle cell?

A

Function is to contract to allow movement.

  • Contain a large number of mitochondria to release energy from respiration for movement.
  • Long so that there is enough space to contract.
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24
Q

What is the structure and function of a Root Hair cell?

A

Function is to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

-Hair like projections to increase the surface area.

(Note that root hair cells have no chloroplasts this is because they do not need them as they are in the soil)

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25
Q

What is the structure and function of a Xylem cell?

A

Function is to carry water and minerals in plants.

  • Form hollow xylem tubes made of dead tissue.
  • Long cells with walls toughened by lignin.
  • Water and minerals flow from the roots towards the leaves only in one direction in a process called TRANSPIRATION.
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26
Q

What is the structure and function of a Phloem cell?

A

Function is to carry glucose around the plant.

  • Form phloem tubes made of living tissue.
  • Cells have end plates with holes in them.
  • Glucose in solution moves from the leaves to growth and storage tissues in a process called TRANSLOCATION.
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27
Q

What does cell differentiation mean?

A

When a cell changes to become specialised.

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28
Q

In what stage of an animal’s life cycle do most cells differentiate?

A

In the early stages.

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29
Q

In mature animals when do cells still need to differentiate?

A

For repair and replacement of cells.

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30
Q

In what stage of their life cycle do plant cells differentiate?

A

They differentiate throughout their lifecycle.

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31
Q

Define the term resolution.

A

The shortest distance between two objects that can be seen clearly.

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32
Q

Comlete the features of a Light (Optical) Microscope:

1) Radiation used?
2) Max Magnification?
3) Resolution?
4) Size of Microscope?
5) Cost?

A

1) Light Rays
2) ~1500 times
3) 200nm
4) small and portable
5) ~£100 for a school one

33
Q

Comlete the features of a Electron Microscope:

1) Radiation used?
2) Max Magnification?
3) Resolution?
4) Size of Microscope?
5) Cost?

A

1) Electron beams
2) ~2,000,000 times
3) 0.2nm
4) very large and not portable
5) several £100,000 to £1 million plus

34
Q

What are the advantages of the electron microscope?

A

Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes; scientists can see more sub-cellular structures.

35
Q

Name the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the light microscope?

A

Nuclei and mitochondria

36
Q

What are the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the electron microscope?

A

Internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

37
Q

Name the parts of the light microscope.

A

1) Eyepiece lens
2) Objective lens
3) Focusing wheel
4) Stage
5) Light source

38
Q

Describe how you would make an onion cell slide.

A
  • Place thin section of onion epidermis onto slide.
  • Place a drop of iodine in the middle of the slide to stain the onion.
  • Gently lower cover slip onto the onion without trapping air bubbles.
  • Soak up any excess liquid with a paper towel.
39
Q

Describe how you would use the light microscope to view onion cells.

A
  • Switch on the light source and place your slide on the stage.
  • Use the lowest objective lens and turn the focusing wheel to move the lens close to the slide.
  • Slowly adjust the focusing wheel until you can see a clear image.
  • Increase the magnification by changing the objective lens and re-focus.
40
Q

What is ‘binary fission’?

A

Cell division where two identical cells to the parent cell are formed.

41
Q

Why do you need to sterilise Petri dished and culture mediums before use?

A

To kill any unwanted microorganisms.

42
Q

What would you use an inoculating loop for?

A

To transfer bacteria onto the agar.

43
Q

How do you sterilise an inoculating loop?

A

By heating in a Bunsen flame.

44
Q

How would you secure the lid of the Petri dish?

A

With tape but not sealed all the way around.

45
Q

What temperature would you incubate the samples at in a school and why should you use this temperature?

A

25oC, to prevent the growth of pathogens harmful to humans.

46
Q

How can you test the effectiveness of antibiotics and disinfectants on bacteria?

A

Inoculate agar with bacteria, place discs soaked in the solutions (water as a control) and place the discs on the agar containing bacteria. Incubate at 25oC.

47
Q

What is the zone of inhibition?

A

An area where bacteria don’t grow.

48
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled strands of DNA molecules.

49
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein.

50
Q

What is DNA?

A

A genetic material found in the nucleus that codes for proteins.

51
Q

Where in a cell do you find chromosomes?

A

In the nucleus of cells.

52
Q

How many chromosome pairs do you find in a human body cell?

A

23 pairs

53
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Growth, DNA synthesis and mitosis.

54
Q

What is mitosis and what is it used for in animals and plants?

A

Growth, repair and asexual reproduction.

55
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell.

56
Q

Which type of human stem cell can differentiate into any human cell?

A

Embryo stem cells.

57
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Where patients are given stem cells containing the same genes as theirs.

58
Q

What are the risks of therapeutic cloning?

A

Viral infections.

59
Q

State two reasons why people may object to the use of stem cells in therapeutic cloning.

A

Ethical and religious reasons.

60
Q

What are meristems?

A

Structures in plants that contain stem cells.

61
Q

State two reasons that plants are cloned?

A

To clone rare species of plants and to clone crop plants with useful characteristics.

62
Q

Define ‘diffusion’?

A

The spreading of the particles from a region where they are of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

63
Q

State three places where diffusion occurs in the body.

A

Small intestines, lungs, kidneys

64
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration between two areas next to each other.

65
Q

What three factors affect rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, temperature, surface area.

66
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A

The size of a surface compared to its volume.

67
Q

Which has the largest surface area to volume ratio an elephant or a meerkat?

A

The meerkat.

68
Q

State how the Small Intestine is adapted for diffusion

A

Have villi to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes.

69
Q

State how the Lungs are adapted for diffusion

A

Have alveoli to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes, they are ventilated.

70
Q

State how the Gills of a Fish are adapted for diffusion

A

Have gill filaments and lamella to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes.

71
Q

State how Roots are adapted for diffusion

A

Have root hair cells to increase surface area.

72
Q

State how Leaves are adapted for diffusion

A

Large surface area, thin and stomata.

73
Q

Define osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

74
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that lets some but not all substances through.

75
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

It will lose water by osmosis and shrivel.

76
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It will absorb water by osmosis and get bigger/burst.

77
Q

Define active transport.

A

Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) using energy from respiration.

78
Q

Why does active transport need to occur in root hair cells?

A

Because the minerals are at a higher concentration in the roots than in the soil.

79
Q

Why does active transport need to occur in the gut?

A

Because the glucose in the blood is at a higher concentration than in the gut.

GCSE Biology Mock Revision Cards (5 decks)

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