Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GCSE Biology Mock Revision Cards > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route A flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route A flashcards AP® Biology flashcards GCSE Geography - AQA flashcards Biology 101 flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Edexcel Route B flashcards GCSE Religious Studies - Eduqas Route B flashcards
1
Q

Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

A

In a bacterial DNA loop and there may be one or more plasmid rings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The DNA is in chromosomes enclosed in a nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many meters are in a Centi meter (cm)?

A

1 cm = 0.01 m (1 x 10 ^[-2])

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many meters are in a Milli meter (mm)?

A

1 mm = 0.001 m (1 x 10 ^[-3])

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many meters are in a Micro meter (𝛍m)?

A

1 𝛍m = 0.000 001 m (1 x 10 ^[-6])

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many meters are in a Nano meter (nm)?

A

1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m (1 x 10 ^[-9])

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why do scientists use prefixes?

A

To make very small numbers more manageable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the parts of an Animal cell.

A

1) Nucleus
2) Cytoplasm
3) Cell Membrane
4) Ribosome
5) mitochandria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the parts of a Plant cell.

A

1) Nucleus
2) Cytoplasm
3) Cell Membrane
4) Ribosome
5) mitochandria
6) (Permanent)Vacuole
7) Cell Wall
8) Chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the parts of a Bacterial cell.

A

1) Cytoplasm
2) Cell Wall
3) Cell Membrane
4) Bacterial DNA
5) Plasmid DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A

Most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

Most energy is released by respiration here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis happens here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

A

Strengthens the cell – made of cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the Chlorplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll, absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the Permanent Vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the Bacterial DNA?

A

Loop of DNA NOT found in a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the Plasmid (DNA)?

A

Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the structure and function of a Sperm cell?

A

Function is to fertilise an egg.

  • Streamlined with a long tail to swim to the egg.
  • Acrosome in the head containing enzymes to digest the egg cell membrane.
  • Large number of mitochondria in the mid section to release energy for movement.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the structure and function of a Nerve cell?

A

Function is to carry electrical signals.

  • Long to carry signals long distances.
  • Branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form a network around the body.
  • Insulating sheath to enhance transmission of electrical signals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the structure and function of a Muscle cell?

A

Function is to contract to allow movement.

  • Contain a large number of mitochondria to release energy from respiration for movement.
  • Long so that there is enough space to contract.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the structure and function of a Root Hair cell?

A

Function is to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

-Hair like projections to increase the surface area.

(Note that root hair cells have no chloroplasts this is because they do not need them as they are in the soil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the structure and function of a Xylem cell?

A

Function is to carry water and minerals in plants.

  • Form hollow xylem tubes made of dead tissue.
  • Long cells with walls toughened by lignin.
  • Water and minerals flow from the roots towards the leaves only in one direction in a process called TRANSPIRATION.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the structure and function of a Phloem cell?

A

Function is to carry glucose around the plant.

  • Form phloem tubes made of living tissue.
  • Cells have end plates with holes in them.
  • Glucose in solution moves from the leaves to growth and storage tissues in a process called TRANSLOCATION.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does cell differentiation mean?

A

When a cell changes to become specialised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In what stage of an animal’s life cycle do most cells differentiate?

A

In the early stages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In mature animals when do cells still need to differentiate?

A

For repair and replacement of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In what stage of their life cycle do plant cells differentiate?

A

They differentiate throughout their lifecycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define the term resolution.

A

The shortest distance between two objects that can be seen clearly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Comlete the features of a Light (Optical) Microscope:

1) Radiation used?
2) Max Magnification?
3) Resolution?
4) Size of Microscope?
5) Cost?

A

1) Light Rays
2) ~1500 times
3) 200nm
4) small and portable
5) ~£100 for a school one

33
Q

Comlete the features of a Electron Microscope:

1) Radiation used?
2) Max Magnification?
3) Resolution?
4) Size of Microscope?
5) Cost?

A

1) Electron beams
2) ~2,000,000 times
3) 0.2nm
4) very large and not portable
5) several £100,000 to £1 million plus

34
Q

What are the advantages of the electron microscope?

A

Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes; scientists can see more sub-cellular structures.

35
Q

Name the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the light microscope?

A

Nuclei and mitochondria

36
Q

What are the smallest cell structures that can be seen by the electron microscope?

A

Internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

37
Q

Name the parts of the light microscope.

A

1) Eyepiece lens
2) Objective lens
3) Focusing wheel
4) Stage
5) Light source

38
Q

Describe how you would make an onion cell slide.

A
  • Place thin section of onion epidermis onto slide.
  • Place a drop of iodine in the middle of the slide to stain the onion.
  • Gently lower cover slip onto the onion without trapping air bubbles.
  • Soak up any excess liquid with a paper towel.
39
Q

Describe how you would use the light microscope to view onion cells.

A
  • Switch on the light source and place your slide on the stage.
  • Use the lowest objective lens and turn the focusing wheel to move the lens close to the slide.
  • Slowly adjust the focusing wheel until you can see a clear image.
  • Increase the magnification by changing the objective lens and re-focus.
40
Q

What is ‘binary fission’?

A

Cell division where two identical cells to the parent cell are formed.

41
Q

Why do you need to sterilise Petri dished and culture mediums before use?

A

To kill any unwanted microorganisms.

42
Q

What would you use an inoculating loop for?

A

To transfer bacteria onto the agar.

43
Q

How do you sterilise an inoculating loop?

A

By heating in a Bunsen flame.

44
Q

How would you secure the lid of the Petri dish?

A

With tape but not sealed all the way around.

45
Q

What temperature would you incubate the samples at in a school and why should you use this temperature?

A

25oC, to prevent the growth of pathogens harmful to humans.

46
Q

How can you test the effectiveness of antibiotics and disinfectants on bacteria?

A

Inoculate agar with bacteria, place discs soaked in the solutions (water as a control) and place the discs on the agar containing bacteria. Incubate at 25oC.

47
Q

What is the zone of inhibition?

A

An area where bacteria don’t grow.

48
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled strands of DNA molecules.

49
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein.

50
Q

What is DNA?

A

A genetic material found in the nucleus that codes for proteins.

51
Q

Where in a cell do you find chromosomes?

A

In the nucleus of cells.

52
Q

How many chromosome pairs do you find in a human body cell?

A

23 pairs

53
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Growth, DNA synthesis and mitosis.

54
Q

What is mitosis and what is it used for in animals and plants?

A

Growth, repair and asexual reproduction.

55
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell.

56
Q

Which type of human stem cell can differentiate into any human cell?

A

Embryo stem cells.

57
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Where patients are given stem cells containing the same genes as theirs.

58
Q

What are the risks of therapeutic cloning?

A

Viral infections.

59
Q

State two reasons why people may object to the use of stem cells in therapeutic cloning.

A

Ethical and religious reasons.

60
Q

What are meristems?

A

Structures in plants that contain stem cells.

61
Q

State two reasons that plants are cloned?

A

To clone rare species of plants and to clone crop plants with useful characteristics.

62
Q

Define ‘diffusion’?

A

The spreading of the particles from a region where they are of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

63
Q

State three places where diffusion occurs in the body.

A

Small intestines, lungs, kidneys

64
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference in concentration between two areas next to each other.

65
Q

What three factors affect rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, temperature, surface area.

66
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A

The size of a surface compared to its volume.

67
Q

Which has the largest surface area to volume ratio an elephant or a meerkat?

A

The meerkat.

68
Q

State how the Small Intestine is adapted for diffusion

A

Have villi to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes.

69
Q

State how the Lungs are adapted for diffusion

A

Have alveoli to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes, they are ventilated.

70
Q

State how the Gills of a Fish are adapted for diffusion

A

Have gill filaments and lamella to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes.

71
Q

State how Roots are adapted for diffusion

A

Have root hair cells to increase surface area.

72
Q

State how Leaves are adapted for diffusion

A

Large surface area, thin and stomata.

73
Q

Define osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

74
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that lets some but not all substances through.

75
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

It will lose water by osmosis and shrivel.

76
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It will absorb water by osmosis and get bigger/burst.

77
Q

Define active transport.

A

Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) using energy from respiration.

78
Q

Why does active transport need to occur in root hair cells?

A

Because the minerals are at a higher concentration in the roots than in the soil.

79
Q

Why does active transport need to occur in the gut?

A

Because the glucose in the blood is at a higher concentration than in the gut.

GCSE Biology Mock Revision Cards (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions