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Science- Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the stages of tissue from cells to organism

A

Cells- tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms

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2
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A substance which catalysis a reaction

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3
Q

How do enzymes catalyze specific reactions?

A

Each enzyme has a different shape active site

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4
Q

What affects the rate at which enzymes react?

A
  • Temperature

- Acidity/Alkalinity

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5
Q

What is the lock and key theory of enzymes?

A

An enzyme’s active site acts as a personal lock, when a substance has an identical shape it fits like a key into the lock allowing a reaction to take place at the active site.

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6
Q

What are the three groups of enzyme?

A
  • Carbohydrase (e.g. amylase)
  • Lipase
  • Protease
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7
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
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8
Q

Where is protease produced?

A
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
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9
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A
  • Pancreas

- Small intestine

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10
Q

What are the uses of carbohydrases?

A

Carbohydrates into simple sugars

e.g (amylase) starch into sugars

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11
Q

What are the uses of proteases?

A

Proteins into amino acids

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12
Q

What are the uses of lipases?

A

Lipids (fats) into glycerol or fatty acids

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13
Q

What are the uses for the products of reactions with enzymes?

A
  • Respiration
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
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14
Q

Where is bile stored and produced?

A

Produced in Liver; stored in the gall bladder

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15
Q

What are the uses of Bile?

A
  • Neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach
  • Emulsify fat; increase surface area
  • Alkaline property to help lipid breakdown with lipase
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16
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?

A
  • Increased surface area; alveoli

- Good blood supply

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17
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange?

A
  • Fold increase surface area
  • One cell thick walls; minimise distance of diffusion
  • Good blood supply
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18
Q

What is each side of the heart responsible for?

A

Left ventricle…
blood to the body
Right ventricle…
blood to the lungs

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19
Q

Name the 4 key blood vessels around the heart and their function.

A
  • Aorta; blood to the body
  • Vena cava; blood from the body
  • Pulmonary artery; blood to the lungs
  • Pulmonary vein; blood from the lungs
20
Q

Where are the pacemakers and what is their function?

A

Right atrium, controls heart rate

21
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
22
Q

What does blood contain?

A
  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood Cells
  • Platelets
23
Q

What is the function and adaptations of a red blood cell?

A

Carries oxygen to and carbon dioxide from cells

  • biconcave; surface area
  • haemoglobin; carry oxygen
  • no nuclease; carry more oxygen
24
Q

What is the function of a white blood cell?

A

Protect from disease

25
Q

What is the functionof Platelets?

A

Allows blood to clot

26
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transports dissolved substances

e.g hormones, antibodies, water, glucose, etc.

27
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Build up of fat narrowing arteries- constricting blood flow from the heart

28
Q

What mechanical treatments are there to coronary heart disease?

A

Stents- push the artery out to keep it open

29
Q

What chemical treatments are there to coronary heart disease?

A

Statins- reduce blood cholesterol and slow rate at which fat is deposited

30
Q

Problems with a faulty heart valve?

A

Blood can backflow damaging blood vessels and organs

31
Q

Pros and Cons of artificial valves

A 
Pro...
Can last a lifetime
Con...
Cause blood clotting
Damage red blood cells
32
Q

Pros and Cons of biological valves

A

Pro…
Do not damage red blood cell
Con…
Requires replacement as the valve harden over several years

33
Q

What are the uses of artificial hearts?

A

To keep patients alive whilst waiting for a biological heart transplant

34
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

One’s physical and mental well being

35
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

A major cause of illness

36
Q

What are the types of disease and its effects?

A
  • Immune defects; greater risk of future infection
  • Virus; risk of triggering cancer
  • Immune reaction; bodily response
  • Physical ill-health; adversely affect mental health
37
Q

What is a causal mechanism?

A

Something that is proven to cause an increase in risk.

38
Q

What is obesity a risk factor of?

A

Type 2 diabetes

39
Q

What is alcohol a risk factor of?

A

Adverse liver and brain function

40
Q

What does smoking effect?

A

Lung disease and lung cancer

41
Q

What should expecting mothers not do?

A

Smoke or drink

42
Q

What are the effects of Carcinogens?

A

Increased risk of cancer

43
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

An abnormal growth usually contained within a membrane

44
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

An abnormal growth which invades other tissues via the blood

45
Q

What are the epidermal tissues?

A

A thin transparent layer of cells in the top of the leaf to protect the palisade cells

46
Q

What are the palisade mesophyll?

A

A layer of cells at the top of the leaf which absorb light

47
Q

What are the spongy mesophyll?

A

A layer cells containing air allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse throughout the leaf and increase surface area

Science- Biology (5 decks)

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