Organisation Flashcards
Name the stages of tissue from cells to organism
Cells- tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms
What are enzymes?
A substance which catalysis a reaction
How do enzymes catalyze specific reactions?
Each enzyme has a different shape active site
What affects the rate at which enzymes react?
- Temperature
- Acidity/Alkalinity
What is the lock and key theory of enzymes?
An enzyme’s active site acts as a personal lock, when a substance has an identical shape it fits like a key into the lock allowing a reaction to take place at the active site.
What are the three groups of enzyme?
- Carbohydrase (e.g. amylase)
- Lipase
- Protease
Where is amylase produced?
- Salivary glands
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
Where is protease produced?
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
Where is lipase produced?
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
What are the uses of carbohydrases?
Carbohydrates into simple sugars
e.g (amylase) starch into sugars
What are the uses of proteases?
Proteins into amino acids
What are the uses of lipases?
Lipids (fats) into glycerol or fatty acids
What are the uses for the products of reactions with enzymes?
- Respiration
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
Where is bile stored and produced?
Produced in Liver; stored in the gall bladder
What are the uses of Bile?
- Neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach
- Emulsify fat; increase surface area
- Alkaline property to help lipid breakdown with lipase
How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?
- Increased surface area; alveoli
- Good blood supply
How are alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange?
- Fold increase surface area
- One cell thick walls; minimise distance of diffusion
- Good blood supply
What is each side of the heart responsible for?
Left ventricle…
blood to the body
Right ventricle…
blood to the lungs
Name the 4 key blood vessels around the heart and their function.
- Aorta; blood to the body
- Vena cava; blood from the body
- Pulmonary artery; blood to the lungs
- Pulmonary vein; blood from the lungs
Where are the pacemakers and what is their function?
Right atrium, controls heart rate
What are the three types of blood vessel?
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
What does blood contain?
- Plasma
- Red blood cells
- White blood Cells
- Platelets
What is the function and adaptations of a red blood cell?
Carries oxygen to and carbon dioxide from cells
- biconcave; surface area
- haemoglobin; carry oxygen
- no nuclease; carry more oxygen
What is the function of a white blood cell?
Protect from disease
What is the functionof Platelets?
Allows blood to clot
What is the function of plasma?
Transports dissolved substances
e.g hormones, antibodies, water, glucose, etc.
What is coronary heart disease?
Build up of fat narrowing arteries- constricting blood flow from the heart
What mechanical treatments are there to coronary heart disease?
Stents- push the artery out to keep it open
What chemical treatments are there to coronary heart disease?
Statins- reduce blood cholesterol and slow rate at which fat is deposited
Problems with a faulty heart valve?
Blood can backflow damaging blood vessels and organs
Pros and Cons of artificial valves
Pro... Can last a lifetime Con... Cause blood clotting Damage red blood cells
Pros and Cons of biological valves
Pro…
Do not damage red blood cell
Con…
Requires replacement as the valve harden over several years
What are the uses of artificial hearts?
To keep patients alive whilst waiting for a biological heart transplant
What is the definition of health?
One’s physical and mental well being
What is the definition of disease?
A major cause of illness
What are the types of disease and its effects?
- Immune defects; greater risk of future infection
- Virus; risk of triggering cancer
- Immune reaction; bodily response
- Physical ill-health; adversely affect mental health
What is a causal mechanism?
Something that is proven to cause an increase in risk.
What is obesity a risk factor of?
Type 2 diabetes
What is alcohol a risk factor of?
Adverse liver and brain function
What does smoking effect?
Lung disease and lung cancer
What should expecting mothers not do?
Smoke or drink
What are the effects of Carcinogens?
Increased risk of cancer
What is a benign tumour?
An abnormal growth usually contained within a membrane
What is a malignant tumour?
An abnormal growth which invades other tissues via the blood
What are the epidermal tissues?
A thin transparent layer of cells in the top of the leaf to protect the palisade cells
What are the palisade mesophyll?
A layer of cells at the top of the leaf which absorb light
What are the spongy mesophyll?
A layer cells containing air allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse throughout the leaf and increase surface area
