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Science- Biology > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of pathogen?

A
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Protists
  • Fungi
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2
Q

What is the difference between a communicable and a non-communicable disease?

A

A communicable disease is infectious disease while a non-communicable disease is not

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3
Q

What is the definition for a pathogen?

A

A microorganism which can cause an infectious disease

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4
Q

How do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

They produce toxins which damage tissue

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5
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill?

A

They reproduce inside cells causing cell damage

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6
Q

Name 3 example of viral diseases

A
  • Measles
  • HIV
  • Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of measles ?

A
  • Symptoms of fever

- Red skin rash

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8
Q

How severe is measles?

A

Measles is a serious illness which can be fatal

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9
Q

Is there a cure or a vaccine to measles?

A

There is no known cure however a MMR vaccine is used to young children

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10
Q

How is measles spread?

A

By air by inhaling droplets from sneezes or coughs

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-likesymptoms

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12
Q

What can HIV lead to?

A

If not treated with antiretroviral drugs HIV can develop into AIDS and attack the immune system

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13
Q

Is there a cure or a vaccine to HIV?

A

Neither, however antiretroviral drugs can be given to combat the virus

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14
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV?

A
  • Mosaic pattern discoloration on a plant’s leaf

- Smaller plant

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16
Q

What can TMV lead to?

A

Stunted plant growth

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17
Q

Name 2 examples of bacterial diseases

A
  • Salmonella

- Gonorrhoea

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of Salmonella?

A
  • Fever
  • Abdominal cramps
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
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19
Q

How can salmonella be treated and is there a vaccine?

A

Directly treated with antibiotics; poultry vaccination to control the spread of the disease

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20
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Ingesting ill-prepared or unhygienically produced food ingesting the bacteria

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A
  • Yellow or green discharge from sex organs

- Pain when urinating

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22
Q

How can Gonorrhoea be treated?

A

Directly treated with antibiotics (penicillin) or protection via use of contraception

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23
Q

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

A

Spread by sexual contact

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24
Q

Name a fungal disease

A

-Rose black spot

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of Rose black spot?

A
  • Purple or black spots develop on the leaves
  • Yellowing leaves dropping early
  • Stunted growth
26
Q

How can Rose black spot be treated?

A

Directly treated with fungicides and prevented by removing infected plants

27
Q

How is Rose black spot spread?

A

Spread via spores in the wind or water

28
Q

Name a protist disease

A

Malaria

29
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Female mosquitoes

30
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Recurrent fever

31
Q

What can malaria lead to?

A

Death

32
Q

How can malaria be treated?

A

Lariam- a drug which kills the protist

33
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

Stopping the vector from biting humans; mosquito nets can be used

34
Q

How does the skin protect the body?

A

Physical barrier to prevent damage as well as oils secreted to kill microbes

35
Q

How does the nose protect the body?

A

Nasal hair keep out dust and larger microorganisms while mucus traps dust and microbes

36
Q

How does the stomach protect the body?

A

Highly acidic stomach acid destroys microorganisms which enter the gut

37
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi protect the body?

A

Mucus traps dust and microbes before being carried away by cilia, tiny hairs, which line the walls of the trachea and bronchi

38
Q

Name the two types of white blood cell

A
  • Phagocytes

- Lymphocytes

39
Q

What is the role of phagocytes?

A
  • To ingest and absorb pathogens or toxins

- Release enzymes to destroy pathogens or toxins

40
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A
  • Bind to and destroy pathogens
  • Clump pathogens together
  • Produce antibodies and antitoxins
41
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

It is a protein with a chemical fit to an antigen to neutralise the pathogen

42
Q

How do antitoxins work?

A

They stick to a toxin and stop it from damaging the body

43
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

By stimulating white blood cells to produce the correct antibodies for an inactive form of the illness. Thus, the immune response will be much greater when a hostile form of the disease enters the body.

44
Q

Name an antibiotic

A

Penicillin

45
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

They kill infective bacteria within the body; specific antibiotics are more effective versus different bacteria

46
Q

What is the problem with using antibiotics?

A

Bacteria develop a resistance to strains of antibiotics making them ineffective

47
Q

Why is it difficult to produce a drug to combat a virus?

A

Most drugs that would kill the virus would also combat and damage tissue within the body

48
Q

What do painkiller not do?

A

Kill pathogens

49
Q

Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?

A

Foxgloves

Plant

50
Q

Where does aspirin originate from?

A

Willow

51
Q

Where does penicillin come from?

A

Penicillium mould

52
Q

Where is the starting point for all drugs?

A

Chemical extraction from a substance (usually a pant)

53
Q

What are drugs tested for?

A
  • Toxicity
  • Efficacy (desired result)
  • Dose
54
Q

Why are preclinical trials used?

A

By testing on cells, tissues and live animals before humans pharmaceutical companies can reduce the risk to human life

55
Q

What occurs in clinical trials?

A
  • Low dosage tests for efficacy
  • Dosage test to find optimum
  • double blind trials to ensure the effect is not a placebo
56
Q

In terms of ions stunted growth in plants is as a result of what?

A

Nitrate deficiency in the soil

57
Q

In terms of ions chlorosis in plants is as a result of what?

A

Magnesium deficiency in the soil

58
Q

What are the physical defences of a plant?

A
  • Cellulose cell walls
  • Waxy cuticles on leaves
  • Dead cells around a stem (bark)
59
Q

What are the chemical defences of a plant?

A
  • Antibacterial chemicals

- Poisons

60
Q

What are mechanical defences of a plant?

A
  • Thorns and hairs
  • Leaves which droop or curl
  • Mimicry

Science- Biology (5 decks)

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