organisation Flashcards
whats ms clarkes song about cell organisation
cells make up tissues tissues make up organs organs make up systems and systems make up organisms
what makes tissues
a group of similar cells
what makes up organs
a group of different organs
What is the cardiovascular system an example of?
a organ system
In plants, what are leaves examples of?
an organ
Which of the following organs are part of the cardiovascular system?
Heart
Lungs
Blood vessels
Spleen
Bones
heart and blood vessels
Explain, using an example, why the digestive system is considered an ‘organ system’.
The digestive system is considered an organ system because it consists of a group of organs that work together to perform the common function. of digesting and absorbing our food
For example the pancreas or the stomach
Are most chemical reactions naturally fast or slow?
slow
Give two reasons why we can’t just make our cells even warmer to increase the rate of reactions?
Heating our cells more would require a lot of energy
Higher temperatures could damage our cells
Higher temperatures would also speed up non-useful reactions
what is a catalyst?
A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being used up or changed in the process.
An ______ is a special type of catalyst that is made by a living organism. We sometimes call them ______ catalysts.
Enzymes are large proteins, so made from a long chain of _____ acids.
An enzyme is a special type of catalyst that is made by a living organism. We sometimes call them biological catalysts.
Enzymes are large proteins, so made from a long chain of amino acids.
What is the name of special region of an enzyme that binds to the substrate?
active site
In order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the active site of the enzyme must be _____________ to the substrate.
complementary
what is the lock and key model
At first, scientists thought that in order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the substrate had to fit perfectly into the active site.
what is the induced fit model?
in order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the enzymes active site actually changes shape slightly as it binds to the substrate.
what do digestive enzymes do?
they break down big molecules into smaller ones like sugar and amino acids so they can easily pass through the digestive system and be absorbed into the blood stream
what is amylase and what does it do
amylase is a carbohydrase and it breaks down starch
where is amylase made?
salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
what do proteases do?
they convert proteins into amino acids
where are proteases made
- stomach
- pancreas
- small intestine
what does bile do?
bile neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats
bile is made in the _____ and is stored in the ____ _______ before it is released into the _____ __________
bile is made in the liver and is stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine
is bile alkali or acidic
alkali
what is bile used for
nuetralising
because there is hydrocluric acid in the stomach the ph is to acidic for enzymes
bile is alkali and nuetrilizes the acid and makes the conditions alkaline becuase the enzymes work best in alkaline conditions
what is bile used for
emulsifying
bile breaks down fats into tiny droplets which make sthe surface area larger increasing the speed of digestion
what is a lipid
fats and oils
what does lipases do
lipases converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
where a lipases made
- small intestine
- pancrease
Why do we need lipids?
To provide energy for chemical reactions
To insulate us and regulate our body temperature
Which vitamin or mineral ion is important for good vision and healthy hair and skin?
VITAMIN A
Which mineral is important for strong bones?
calcium
Which disease can be caused by lack of vitamin C?
scurvy
Why do we need fibre?
To help food move through our intestines
What are the 3 main ways by which we lose water from the body?
- breathing
- sweating
- unrinating
_______ is a polymer of glucose, produced by plants.
Starch is a polymer of glucose, produced by plants.
Which two of the following are examples of protease enzymes?
Maltase
Lipase
Pepsin
Trypsin
Pepsin
Trypsin
Is bile an enzyme?
no
what is the digestive systems two main roles
- absorption
- digestion
When we chew food, our teeth physically break the food down into smaller pieces.
How does this help?
- easier to swallow
- surface area is larger making it easier for enzymes to act apon
What is the main role of the large intestine?
absorb water
how is villi adapted for its role
- large surface area so digested food can be absorbed quicker
- good blood stream to maintain the concentration gradient
- single layer of surface cells so nutrients only have to diffuse a short distance
what does the villi do?
absorb nutrients
what is the order of the digestive system
- mouth chews food
- salivary glands
- gullet/ oesophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
where are the lungs
in the thorax which is in the top part of the body
the lungs are separated from the lower part of the body by the ___________
diaphragm
the lungs are surrounded by the __________ _________ and are protected by the _____
the lungs are surrounded by the pleural membranes and are protected by the ribcage
what is the trachea
a tube where air passes through to get into the lungs
what is a key feature of the trachea?
it contains rings of cartilage so it prevents the trachea from collapsing during inhaling
what are bronchi
the trachea splits in two smaller tubes called bronchi which go into the lungs
what are bronchioles
the bronchi subdivide into smaller tubes called bronchioles
at the end of each bronchioles there are tiny ____ ____ called ______
at the end of each bronchioles there are tiny air sacs called alveoli
what is gas exchange
gas exchange is when gases diffuse in and out of the blood stream
what do aveloli do
they are the sites of gas exchange
what are the adaptations of aveoli that make gas exchange fast as possible
- lots of them in lungs so there is a large surface area
- good blood supply so it maintains the concentration gradient
- thin walls so diffusion path is short
- they are moist allowing gases to dissolve
how do the adaptations of aveoli make the rate of gas exchange faster
the adaptations mean that oxygen diffuses rapidly into the blood stream and carbon dioxide diffuses rapidly out
how does breathing in increase the rate of diffusion?
breathing in brings in fresh oxygen and takes out carbon dioxide which makes the concentration gradient high for gases which increases the rate of diffusion
Which organ system are the lungs part of?
the respiratory system
Which substance inside red blood cells does oxygen bind to?
Haemoglobin
The three parts of the circulatory system are the ______, the _____ _______, and the ______.
The three parts of the circulatory system are the blood, the blood vessels, and the heart.
Which statement is always true regarding arteries?
They carry oxygenated blood
They carry blood away from the heart
They carry deoxygenated blood
They carry blood towards the heart
They carry blood away from the heart
Which statements is always true for veins?
They usually carry deoxygenated blood
They carry blood away from the heart
They carry blood towards the heart
They usually carry oxygenated blood
They carry blood towards the heart
Pacemaker cells are found in which chamber of the heart?
right atrium
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?
aorta
Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
pulmonary artery
which ventricle has thicker walls and why?
the left ventricle because it pumps blood to the whole body so it needs a greater force
the right ventricle of pumps blood to the lungs
what is the heart made out of
muscular tissue
how many chambers does the heart have
four
where are the artia in the heart
at the top left and right of the heart
where are the ventricles
in the bottom left and right of the heart
the vena cava brings in __________ blood from the body
the blood passes from the heart to the ______ through the __________ _______
- deoxygenated
- lungs
- pulmonary artery
what does the oxygenated blood travel through from the lungs back to the heart?
pulmonary vein
how is oxygenated blood pumped from the heart to the body
aorta
explain the jounrey of blood around the body
- deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava
- the blood then passes through the heart to lungs through the pulmonary artery
- oxygenated blood is then pumped from the lungs back into the heart through the pulmonary vein
- the oxygenated blood is then pumped to the body through the aorta
how does the heart contract to pump blood around the body
- blood enters the left and right atrium.
- the atria contacts and pushes the blood into the ventricles
- the ventricles then contract and force the blood out of the body
- when the ventricles contract the valves shut so the blood wont flow back into the atria
what does the circulatory system do?
it pumps blood around the body which has food and oxygen in it/
what is a benefit of a double circulatory system
because the blood travels through the heart twice it can rapidly travel to the body cells
where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
where are the coronary arteries
they branch out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle
what do the coronary arteries do
they provide oxygen to the heart muscle so it can be used in respiration to provide the energy needed for contraction
what does a pacemaker do
provides small electric impulse which spreads to muscle cells making them contract
what does a artificial pace maker do
corrects irregularities in the heart rate
Which substances are waste products that are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries, and the body tissues?
urea
carbon dixoide
Which of are nutrients that are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the body tissues?
glucose
amino acids
what are the 3 different types of blood vessels
- arteries
- capillary
- veins
what do arteries do?
take blood away from the heart
what do veins do
veins bring blood towards the heart
what do capillaries do
exchange of materials at the tissues
do arteries carry high or low pressure blood
high pressure blood
how are arteries adapted for their role
- ## thick muscular walls to allow them to withstand the pressure of the blood
blood travels through the arteries in ______ every time the heart _______
surges
beats
to cope with surges of blood in the arteries, they contain ________ ______ that stretch when they surge of blood passes through and _______ between surges to keep the blood _______
- elastic fibres
- recoil
- moving
how are capillaries adapted for their role
- thin walls so diffusion path is short
how are veins adapted for their role
- because blood is travelling slowly sometimes it stops and even moves backwards
- the veins contains valves that are open when blood is moving forwards but shuts when blood starts to flow backwards
what is a lumen
the space inside a tubular structure
What is the role of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen
how are red blood cells adapted for their role
- biconcave disc for more surface area so they absorb more oxygen
- no nucleus so more room for oxygen
- red pigment
what do white blood cells do
defend against infection
- engulf pathogens
- produce anti toxins - to nuetrilize toxins from pathogens
- antibodies
_________ is the process by which a white blood cell binds to, and then engulfs a pathogen, in order to destroy it.
Phagocytosis is the process by which a white blood cell binds to, and then engulfs a pathogen, in order to destroy it.
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
yes
What is the role of platelets?
to clot the blood at wounds
Give two reasons why it is so important that our blood clots when we are cut.
- to stop blood from coming out
- stop microorganisms from going in
Do platelets have a nucleus?
no they are a smalll fragment of cells
The blood plasma is a yellowish liquid Its role is to carry large structures like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as smaller dissolved substances.
Name as many of these smaller dissolved substances as you can.
- antitoxins
- antibodies
- hormones
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- pathogens
- carbon Dioxide
- glucose
- fatty acids
- glycerol
- amino acids
- urea
- proteins
Health can be described as a state of both physical and _______ well being.
Health can be described as a state of both physical and mental well being.
what lifestyle factors have a positive effect on health?
Eight hours of sleep each night
Regular exercise
Access to medical care (e.g. vaccines)
he term ‘________’ refers to a group of conditions that can cause ill health.
he term ‘disease’ refers to a group of conditions that can cause ill health.
what lifestyle factors have an adverse effect on health?
poor diet
stress
little exercise
smoking
What do we mean by ‘communicable’ diseases.
Diseases that can be spread from person to person
s the common cold a communicable or non-communicable disease?
communicable
What is the role of the immune system?
to detect and destroy pathogens
If your immune system is weakened, which type of diseases do you become more susceptible to?
communicable diseases
what are examples of non- communicable disease
- cancer
- diabetes
what are examples of communicable disease
Malaria
Tuberculosis
hat do we mean by the term ‘risk factor’ when discussing disease?
Something that increases the chance of developing a disease
Which diseases is obesity a risk factor for?
diabetes
heart attacks
Which of the following are risk factors for lung cancer?
air pollution
smoking
What is bronchitis?
Inflammation of airways in the lungs
Which of the following diseases are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
emphysema
asthma
bronchitis
diabetes
emphysema
bronchitis
True or false? In people with emphysema, the alveoli are damaged.
true
A _____ is an abnormal mass of cells that forms when a group of cells undergo uncontrolled growth and division.
A tumour is an abnormal mass of cells that forms when a group of cells undergo uncontrolled growth and division.
what are the two main types of cancer
benign and malignant
Which type of tumour is contained within one area, usually within a membrane?
benign
Tumour cells divide by which type of cell division?
mitosis
Which type of tumours can invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood?
malignant
are both types of tumors considered cancer
no only malignant
Can malignant tumours spread to other parts of the body and then form secondary tumours?
yes
Smoking is a risk factor for many diseases.
In addition to lung cancer, which of the following cancers is smoking also risk factor for?
Cervical cancer
Mouth cancer
Stomach cancer
Which type of cancer is ultraviolet radiation a risk factor for?
skin cancer
Which of the following are risk factors for liver cancer?
alcohol
obesity
The genes that we inherit can increase the risk of certain diseases. One such gene is the BRCA gene.
Which cancer does BRCA increase the risk of?
- breast cancer
- ovarian cancer
What are two characteristics of malignant tumours?
The tumour cells can spread around the body in the blood
They can lead to secondary tumours
Which chemical process supplies the majority of the energy required for the contraction of muscle tissue?
aerobic respiration
n coronary heart disease, layers of _____ material build up inside the coronary arteries, causing the lumen to get _______.
This reduces the flow of _______ through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of ________ and nutrients for the heart muscle.
n coronary heart disease, layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, causing the lumen to get narrower.
This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients for the heart muscle.
what are the treatments for coronary heart disease
- stent
- statins
what do statins do and whats the side affects of them
- slow down the rates of fatty acids building up
- can cause liver problems
what do stents do but whats the problem with them
- inserted to keep blood flow normal
- will not prevent other regions from narrowing
what are treatments for heart failure?
Replacement with biological heart
Replacement with artificial heart
Which type of heart replacement might be rejected by the immune system?
biological heart
The palisade mesophyll layer is an example of a:
tissue
The upper epidermis is _________ so that light can pass through it. This means that as much light as possible can reach the _________ mesophyll cells below, and be used in photosynthesis.
The upper epidermis is transparent so that light can pass through it. This means that as much light as possible can reach the palisade mesophyll cells below, and be used in photosynthesis.
If there is plenty of water in the leaf, guard cells become _______, which ______ the stomata. This allows carbon dioxide to _______ the leaf, but also allows water to escape.
flaccid / turgid / opens / closes / enter / leave
If there is plenty of water in the leaf, guard cells become turgid, which opens the stomata. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf, but also allows water to escape.
What do we call the movement of cell sap (a mixture of sugar and water) up and down the plant?
translocaton
Phloem cells have _________ in their end walls to allow cell sap to pass along the phloem tube.
pores
What does the xylem transport in a plant?
water and dissolved minerals
How do root hair cells absorb water from the soil?
osmosis
How do root hair cells absorb mineral ions from the soil?
active transport
Which substance are xylem cells reinforced with to make them stronger?
Lignin
What is transpiration?
The evaporation of water from the leaves
what type of blood vessel is in the villi
blood capillary
how would you prepare a food sample
- crush food using pestal + mortar
- transfer to beaker and add distilled water
- mix by stiring to dislove some food
- filter solution with filter paper to get rid of solid bits of food
what would you use to test for sugars
benedicts
what would you use to test fro starch
iodine
what would you use idione for
food tests
testing for starch
what would you use benedicts solution for
food tests
sugar
what kind of foods is sugars found in
breads,ceral,biscuits
what are the two types of sugars
reducing and non- reducing
which type of sugar can we test for using benedicts
reducing sugars
explain the benedicts food test for sugar
- prepare food smaple and transfer to test tube
- prepare a water bath for 75 degree
- put 10 drops of benedicts into test tube
- put in water bath for 5 minuets - pointing away
- if food contains sugar the solution will change colour from blue to green yellow or brick red depending on hw much sugar is in food
what does it mean if they benedicts food test ending result colour is brick red
there is a high sugar conecntration in that food
what foods contain starch
- potato
- rice
- pasta
explain how to do the idione test for starch
- make food table and transfer to test tube
- add few drops of iodine solution and shake gentley to mix
- if starch is present the solution will chnage from red/orange to blue- black
what is biurets solution used for
food tests
protein
what would we use to tets for protein
biurets solution
what types of food contain protein
- cheese
- meat
explain how to do the biurets test for protein
- prepare food sample and transfer 2cm cubed of sampel to test tube
- add two cm cubed of biruets solution to sample and gentley shake to mix
- if protein is present then solution will chnage from blue to purple if not it will stay blue
what do we use sudan III to test for
lipids
what might we use to tets for lipids
sudan III solution
what foods contain lipids
- olive oil
- milk
- margarine
explain how to use sudan III to test for lipids
- prepare food sample (dont need to filter it) transfer 5cm cubed to test tube
- use pipette to add 3 drops of sudan II and shake gentley to mic
- if lipids are preent than the mixture will seperate into two layer and the top one will be bright red.
- if there are no lipids then the solution will not seperate.
in terms of enzyme shape why does an enzyme only catalyses of reaction
The active site can only bind one substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex
