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organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

whats ms clarkes song about cell organisation

A

cells make up tissues tissues make up organs organs make up systems and systems make up organisms

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2
Q

what makes tissues

A

a group of similar cells

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3
Q

what makes up organs

A

a group of different organs

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4
Q

What is the cardiovascular system an example of?

A

a organ system

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5
Q

In plants, what are leaves examples of?

A

an organ

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6
Q

Which of the following organs are part of the cardiovascular system?

Heart
Lungs
Blood vessels
Spleen
Bones

A

heart and blood vessels

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7
Q

Explain, using an example, why the digestive system is considered an ‘organ system’.

A

The digestive system is considered an organ system because it consists of a group of organs that work together to perform the common function. of digesting and absorbing our food

For example the pancreas or the stomach

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8
Q

Are most chemical reactions naturally fast or slow?

A

slow

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9
Q

Give two reasons why we can’t just make our cells even warmer to increase the rate of reactions?

A

Heating our cells more would require a lot of energy
Higher temperatures could damage our cells
Higher temperatures would also speed up non-useful reactions

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10
Q

what is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being used up or changed in the process.

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11
Q

An ______ is a special type of catalyst that is made by a living organism. We sometimes call them ______ catalysts.

Enzymes are large proteins, so made from a long chain of _____ acids.

A

An enzyme is a special type of catalyst that is made by a living organism. We sometimes call them biological catalysts.

Enzymes are large proteins, so made from a long chain of amino acids.

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12
Q

What is the name of special region of an enzyme that binds to the substrate?

A

active site

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13
Q

In order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the active site of the enzyme must be _____________ to the substrate.

A

complementary

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14
Q

what is the lock and key model

A

At first, scientists thought that in order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the substrate had to fit perfectly into the active site.

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15
Q

what is the induced fit model?

A

in order for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, the enzymes active site actually changes shape slightly as it binds to the substrate.

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16
Q

what do digestive enzymes do?

A

they break down big molecules into smaller ones like sugar and amino acids so they can easily pass through the digestive system and be absorbed into the blood stream

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17
Q

what is amylase and what does it do

A

amylase is a carbohydrase and it breaks down starch

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18
Q

where is amylase made?

A

salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

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19
Q

what do proteases do?

A

they convert proteins into amino acids

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20
Q

where are proteases made

A
  • stomach
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
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21
Q

what does bile do?

A

bile neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats

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22
Q

bile is made in the _____ and is stored in the ____ _______ before it is released into the _____ __________

A

bile is made in the liver and is stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine

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23
Q

is bile alkali or acidic

A

alkali

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24
Q

what is bile used for

nuetralising

A

because there is hydrocluric acid in the stomach the ph is to acidic for enzymes
bile is alkali and nuetrilizes the acid and makes the conditions alkaline becuase the enzymes work best in alkaline conditions

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25
Q

what is bile used for

emulsifying

A

bile breaks down fats into tiny droplets which make sthe surface area larger increasing the speed of digestion

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26
Q

what is a lipid

A

fats and oils

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27
Q

what does lipases do

A

lipases converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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28
Q

where a lipases made

A
  • small intestine
  • pancrease
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29
Q

Why do we need lipids?

A

To provide energy for chemical reactions
To insulate us and regulate our body temperature

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30
Q

Which vitamin or mineral ion is important for good vision and healthy hair and skin?

A

VITAMIN A

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31
Q

Which mineral is important for strong bones?

A

calcium

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32
Q

Which disease can be caused by lack of vitamin C?

A

scurvy

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33
Q

Why do we need fibre?

A

To help food move through our intestines

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34
Q

What are the 3 main ways by which we lose water from the body?

A
  • breathing
  • sweating
  • unrinating
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35
Q

_______ is a polymer of glucose, produced by plants.

A

Starch is a polymer of glucose, produced by plants.

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36
Q

Which two of the following are examples of protease enzymes?

Maltase
Lipase
Pepsin
Trypsin

A

Pepsin
Trypsin

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37
Q

Is bile an enzyme?

A

no

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38
Q

what is the digestive systems two main roles

A
  • absorption
  • digestion
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39
Q

When we chew food, our teeth physically break the food down into smaller pieces.

How does this help?

A
  • easier to swallow
  • surface area is larger making it easier for enzymes to act apon
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40
Q

What is the main role of the large intestine?

A

absorb water

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41
Q

how is villi adapted for its role

A
  • large surface area so digested food can be absorbed quicker
  • good blood stream to maintain the concentration gradient
  • single layer of surface cells so nutrients only have to diffuse a short distance
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42
Q

what does the villi do?

A

absorb nutrients

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43
Q

what is the order of the digestive system

A
  • mouth chews food
  • salivary glands
  • gullet/ oesophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum
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44
Q

where are the lungs

A

in the thorax which is in the top part of the body

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45
Q

the lungs are separated from the lower part of the body by the ___________

A

diaphragm

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46
Q

the lungs are surrounded by the __________ _________ and are protected by the _____

A

the lungs are surrounded by the pleural membranes and are protected by the ribcage

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47
Q

what is the trachea

A

a tube where air passes through to get into the lungs

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48
Q

what is a key feature of the trachea?

A

it contains rings of cartilage so it prevents the trachea from collapsing during inhaling

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49
Q

what are bronchi

A

the trachea splits in two smaller tubes called bronchi which go into the lungs

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50
Q

what are bronchioles

A

the bronchi subdivide into smaller tubes called bronchioles

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51
Q

at the end of each bronchioles there are tiny ____ ____ called ______

A

at the end of each bronchioles there are tiny air sacs called alveoli

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52
Q

what is gas exchange

A

gas exchange is when gases diffuse in and out of the blood stream

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53
Q

what do aveloli do

A

they are the sites of gas exchange

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54
Q

what are the adaptations of aveoli that make gas exchange fast as possible

A
  • lots of them in lungs so there is a large surface area
  • good blood supply so it maintains the concentration gradient
  • thin walls so diffusion path is short
  • they are moist allowing gases to dissolve
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55
Q

how do the adaptations of aveoli make the rate of gas exchange faster

A

the adaptations mean that oxygen diffuses rapidly into the blood stream and carbon dioxide diffuses rapidly out

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56
Q

how does breathing in increase the rate of diffusion?

A

breathing in brings in fresh oxygen and takes out carbon dioxide which makes the concentration gradient high for gases which increases the rate of diffusion

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57
Q

Which organ system are the lungs part of?

A

the respiratory system

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58
Q

Which substance inside red blood cells does oxygen bind to?

A

Haemoglobin

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59
Q

The three parts of the circulatory system are the ______, the _____ _______, and the ______.

A

The three parts of the circulatory system are the blood, the blood vessels, and the heart.

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60
Q

Which statement is always true regarding arteries?

They carry oxygenated blood
They carry blood away from the heart
They carry deoxygenated blood
They carry blood towards the heart

A

They carry blood away from the heart

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61
Q

Which statements is always true for veins?

They usually carry deoxygenated blood
They carry blood away from the heart
They carry blood towards the heart
They usually carry oxygenated blood

A

They carry blood towards the heart

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62
Q

Pacemaker cells are found in which chamber of the heart?

A

right atrium

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63
Q

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?

A

aorta

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64
Q

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

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65
Q

which ventricle has thicker walls and why?

A

the left ventricle because it pumps blood to the whole body so it needs a greater force

the right ventricle of pumps blood to the lungs

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66
Q

what is the heart made out of

A

muscular tissue

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67
Q

how many chambers does the heart have

A

four

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68
Q

where are the artia in the heart

A

at the top left and right of the heart

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69
Q

where are the ventricles

A

in the bottom left and right of the heart

70
Q

the vena cava brings in __________ blood from the body
the blood passes from the heart to the ______ through the __________ _______

A
  • deoxygenated
  • lungs
  • pulmonary artery
71
Q

what does the oxygenated blood travel through from the lungs back to the heart?

A

pulmonary vein

72
Q

how is oxygenated blood pumped from the heart to the body

A

aorta

73
Q

explain the jounrey of blood around the body

A
  • deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava
  • the blood then passes through the heart to lungs through the pulmonary artery
  • oxygenated blood is then pumped from the lungs back into the heart through the pulmonary vein
  • the oxygenated blood is then pumped to the body through the aorta
74
Q

how does the heart contract to pump blood around the body

A
  • blood enters the left and right atrium.
  • the atria contacts and pushes the blood into the ventricles
  • the ventricles then contract and force the blood out of the body
  • when the ventricles contract the valves shut so the blood wont flow back into the atria
75
Q

what does the circulatory system do?

A

it pumps blood around the body which has food and oxygen in it/

76
Q

what is a benefit of a double circulatory system

A

because the blood travels through the heart twice it can rapidly travel to the body cells

77
Q

where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A

the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs

78
Q

where are the coronary arteries

A

they branch out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle

79
Q

what do the coronary arteries do

A

they provide oxygen to the heart muscle so it can be used in respiration to provide the energy needed for contraction

80
Q

what does a pacemaker do

A

provides small electric impulse which spreads to muscle cells making them contract

81
Q

what does a artificial pace maker do

A

corrects irregularities in the heart rate

82
Q

Which substances are waste products that are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries, and the body tissues?

A

urea
carbon dixoide

83
Q

Which of are nutrients that are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the body tissues?

A

glucose
amino acids

84
Q

what are the 3 different types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • capillary
  • veins
85
Q

what do arteries do?

A

take blood away from the heart

86
Q

what do veins do

A

veins bring blood towards the heart

87
Q

what do capillaries do

A

exchange of materials at the tissues

88
Q

do arteries carry high or low pressure blood

A

high pressure blood

89
Q

how are arteries adapted for their role

A
  • ## thick muscular walls to allow them to withstand the pressure of the blood
90
Q

blood travels through the arteries in ______ every time the heart _______

A

surges
beats

91
Q

to cope with surges of blood in the arteries, they contain ________ ______ that stretch when they surge of blood passes through and _______ between surges to keep the blood _______

A
  • elastic fibres
  • recoil
  • moving
92
Q

how are capillaries adapted for their role

A
  • thin walls so diffusion path is short
93
Q

how are veins adapted for their role

A
  • because blood is travelling slowly sometimes it stops and even moves backwards
  • the veins contains valves that are open when blood is moving forwards but shuts when blood starts to flow backwards
94
Q

what is a lumen

A

the space inside a tubular structure

95
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen

96
Q

how are red blood cells adapted for their role

A
  • biconcave disc for more surface area so they absorb more oxygen
  • no nucleus so more room for oxygen
  • red pigment
97
Q

what do white blood cells do

A

defend against infection
- engulf pathogens
- produce anti toxins - to nuetrilize toxins from pathogens
- antibodies

98
Q

_________ is the process by which a white blood cell binds to, and then engulfs a pathogen, in order to destroy it.

A

Phagocytosis is the process by which a white blood cell binds to, and then engulfs a pathogen, in order to destroy it.

99
Q

Do white blood cells have a nucleus?

A

yes

100
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

to clot the blood at wounds

101
Q

Give two reasons why it is so important that our blood clots when we are cut.

A
  • to stop blood from coming out
  • stop microorganisms from going in
102
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

no they are a smalll fragment of cells

103
Q

The blood plasma is a yellowish liquid Its role is to carry large structures like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as smaller dissolved substances.

Name as many of these smaller dissolved substances as you can.

A
  • antitoxins
  • antibodies
  • hormones
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • pathogens
  • carbon Dioxide
  • glucose
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol
  • amino acids
  • urea
  • proteins
104
Q

Health can be described as a state of both physical and _______ well being.

A

Health can be described as a state of both physical and mental well being.

105
Q

what lifestyle factors have a positive effect on health?

A

Eight hours of sleep each night
Regular exercise
Access to medical care (e.g. vaccines)

106
Q

he term ‘________’ refers to a group of conditions that can cause ill health.

A

he term ‘disease’ refers to a group of conditions that can cause ill health.

107
Q

what lifestyle factors have an adverse effect on health?

A

poor diet
stress
little exercise
smoking

108
Q

What do we mean by ‘communicable’ diseases.

A

Diseases that can be spread from person to person

109
Q

s the common cold a communicable or non-communicable disease?

A

communicable

110
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

to detect and destroy pathogens

111
Q

If your immune system is weakened, which type of diseases do you become more susceptible to?

A

communicable diseases

112
Q

what are examples of non- communicable disease

A
  • cancer
  • diabetes
113
Q

what are examples of communicable disease

A

Malaria
Tuberculosis

114
Q

hat do we mean by the term ‘risk factor’ when discussing disease?

A

Something that increases the chance of developing a disease

115
Q

Which diseases is obesity a risk factor for?

A

diabetes
heart attacks

116
Q

Which of the following are risk factors for lung cancer?

A

air pollution
smoking

117
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of airways in the lungs

118
Q

Which of the following diseases are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

emphysema
asthma
bronchitis
diabetes

A

emphysema
bronchitis

119
Q

True or false? In people with emphysema, the alveoli are damaged.

A

true

120
Q

A _____ is an abnormal mass of cells that forms when a group of cells undergo uncontrolled growth and division.

A

A tumour is an abnormal mass of cells that forms when a group of cells undergo uncontrolled growth and division.

121
Q

what are the two main types of cancer

A

benign and malignant

122
Q

Which type of tumour is contained within one area, usually within a membrane?

A

benign

123
Q

Tumour cells divide by which type of cell division?

A

mitosis

124
Q

Which type of tumours can invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood?

A

malignant

125
Q

are both types of tumors considered cancer

A

no only malignant

126
Q

Can malignant tumours spread to other parts of the body and then form secondary tumours?

A

yes

127
Q

Smoking is a risk factor for many diseases.

In addition to lung cancer, which of the following cancers is smoking also risk factor for?

A

Cervical cancer
Mouth cancer
Stomach cancer

128
Q

Which type of cancer is ultraviolet radiation a risk factor for?

A

skin cancer

129
Q

Which of the following are risk factors for liver cancer?

A

alcohol
obesity

130
Q

The genes that we inherit can increase the risk of certain diseases. One such gene is the BRCA gene.

Which cancer does BRCA increase the risk of?

A
  • breast cancer
  • ovarian cancer
131
Q

What are two characteristics of malignant tumours?

A

The tumour cells can spread around the body in the blood
They can lead to secondary tumours

132
Q

Which chemical process supplies the majority of the energy required for the contraction of muscle tissue?

A

aerobic respiration

133
Q

n coronary heart disease, layers of _____ material build up inside the coronary arteries, causing the lumen to get _______.
This reduces the flow of _______ through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of ________ and nutrients for the heart muscle.

A

n coronary heart disease, layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, causing the lumen to get narrower.
This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients for the heart muscle.

134
Q

what are the treatments for coronary heart disease

A
  • stent
  • statins
135
Q

what do statins do and whats the side affects of them

A
  • slow down the rates of fatty acids building up
  • can cause liver problems
136
Q

what do stents do but whats the problem with them

A
  • inserted to keep blood flow normal
  • will not prevent other regions from narrowing
137
Q

what are treatments for heart failure?

A

Replacement with biological heart
Replacement with artificial heart

138
Q

Which type of heart replacement might be rejected by the immune system?

A

biological heart

139
Q

The palisade mesophyll layer is an example of a:

A

tissue

140
Q

The upper epidermis is _________ so that light can pass through it. This means that as much light as possible can reach the _________ mesophyll cells below, and be used in photosynthesis.

A

The upper epidermis is transparent so that light can pass through it. This means that as much light as possible can reach the palisade mesophyll cells below, and be used in photosynthesis.

141
Q

If there is plenty of water in the leaf, guard cells become _______, which ______ the stomata. This allows carbon dioxide to _______ the leaf, but also allows water to escape.

flaccid / turgid / opens / closes / enter / leave

A

If there is plenty of water in the leaf, guard cells become turgid, which opens the stomata. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaf, but also allows water to escape.

142
Q

What do we call the movement of cell sap (a mixture of sugar and water) up and down the plant?

A

translocaton

143
Q

Phloem cells have _________ in their end walls to allow cell sap to pass along the phloem tube.

A

pores

144
Q

What does the xylem transport in a plant?

A

water and dissolved minerals

145
Q

How do root hair cells absorb water from the soil?

A

osmosis

146
Q

How do root hair cells absorb mineral ions from the soil?

A

active transport

147
Q

Which substance are xylem cells reinforced with to make them stronger?

A

Lignin

148
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water from the leaves

149
Q

what type of blood vessel is in the villi

A

blood capillary

150
Q

how would you prepare a food sample

A
  1. crush food using pestal + mortar
  2. transfer to beaker and add distilled water
  3. mix by stiring to dislove some food
  4. filter solution with filter paper to get rid of solid bits of food
151
Q

what would you use to test for sugars

A

benedicts

152
Q

what would you use to test fro starch

A

iodine

153
Q

what would you use idione for

food tests

A

testing for starch

154
Q

what would you use benedicts solution for

food tests

A

sugar

155
Q

what kind of foods is sugars found in

A

breads,ceral,biscuits

156
Q

what are the two types of sugars

A

reducing and non- reducing

157
Q

which type of sugar can we test for using benedicts

A

reducing sugars

158
Q

explain the benedicts food test for sugar

A
  • prepare food smaple and transfer to test tube
  • prepare a water bath for 75 degree
  • put 10 drops of benedicts into test tube
  • put in water bath for 5 minuets - pointing away
  • if food contains sugar the solution will change colour from blue to green yellow or brick red depending on hw much sugar is in food
159
Q

what does it mean if they benedicts food test ending result colour is brick red

A

there is a high sugar conecntration in that food

160
Q

what foods contain starch

A
  • potato
  • rice
  • pasta
161
Q

explain how to do the idione test for starch

A
  • make food table and transfer to test tube
  • add few drops of iodine solution and shake gentley to mix
  • if starch is present the solution will chnage from red/orange to blue- black
162
Q

what is biurets solution used for

food tests

A

protein

163
Q

what would we use to tets for protein

A

biurets solution

164
Q

what types of food contain protein

A
  • cheese
  • meat
165
Q

explain how to do the biurets test for protein

A
  • prepare food sample and transfer 2cm cubed of sampel to test tube
  • add two cm cubed of biruets solution to sample and gentley shake to mix
  • if protein is present then solution will chnage from blue to purple if not it will stay blue
166
Q

what do we use sudan III to test for

A

lipids

167
Q

what might we use to tets for lipids

A

sudan III solution

168
Q

what foods contain lipids

A
  • olive oil
  • milk
  • margarine
169
Q

explain how to use sudan III to test for lipids

A
  • prepare food sample (dont need to filter it) transfer 5cm cubed to test tube
  • use pipette to add 3 drops of sudan II and shake gentley to mic
  • if lipids are preent than the mixture will seperate into two layer and the top one will be bright red.
  • if there are no lipids then the solution will not seperate.
170
Q

in terms of enzyme shape why does an enzyme only catalyses of reaction

A

The active site can only bind one substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex

biology (4 decks)

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