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infection and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are pathogens

A

pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

are pathogens communicable or non- communicable

A

communicable

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3
Q

what can be infected by pathogens

A

plants+ animals

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4
Q

what can pathogens be

A

virus
bacteria
protists
fungi

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5
Q

are virus or bacteria smaller

A

virus

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6
Q

what do bacteria produce

A

toxins that damage cells and tissues

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7
Q

is a virus a cell

A

no

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8
Q

how do viruses reproduce

A

the live in side your cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to make copies of themselves

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9
Q

what makes you feel ill

A

cell damage

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10
Q

parasites live __ or _____ other organisms and cause ______

A

on
inside
damage

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11
Q

how are parasites often transferred

A

by a vector

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12
Q

how do hyphae cause disease

A

they penetrate and grow on human skin and plants causing diseases

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13
Q

hyphae produce _____ which can be spread onto other plants and animals

A

spores

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14
Q

what are some ways pathogens can be spread

A

air
water
direct contact
food

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15
Q

how are measles spread

A

through droplets of an infected persons sneeze or cough

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16
Q

symptoms of measles

A

red rash
fever

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17
Q

measles can sometimes lead to __________

A

pneumonia

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18
Q

hiv is a

A

virus

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19
Q

how is hiv spread

hiv symptoms

what does it attack

A

through sexual contatc or exchanging bodily fluids like blood - sharing same needle when taking drugs

flu like symtoms

immune cells

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20
Q

what is marlia disease caused by

A

a protist

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21
Q

what is a example of a vector

A

mosqutio - malaria

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22
Q

is salmonella a bacteria or virus

A

bacteria

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23
Q

symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

pain while urinate
thick yellow discharge

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24
Q

symptoms of samonella

A

stomach cramps
vomiting
fever
diarrhoea

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25
Q

how can we prevent disease

A
  • being hygienic
  • destroying vectors
  • isolating infected individuals
  • vaccination
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26
Q

Are viruses living organisms?

A

no

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27
Q

Once there are lots of copies, the viruses cause the cell to _______, and then go on to _____ neighbouring cells.

A

Once there are lots of copies, the viruses cause the cell to burst, and then go on to infect neighbouring cells.

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28
Q

In the UK, are most people are vaccinated against measles?

A

yes

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29
Q

Infection with the HIV virus can lead to __________. This is where the immune system is so weak that the person can catch unusual infections.

A

AIDS

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30
Q

What is the treatment for HIV/AIDS?

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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31
Q

what do antiretroviral drugs do

A

stop the virus replicating the the body

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32
Q

What type of organism does Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) infect?

A

plants

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33
Q

What is the main symptom of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

A

patches of leaves are discoloured

34
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) reduces the amount of photosynthesis that a plant can do.
why is this an issue

A

The plant won’t be able to grow as well
The plant won’t be able to produce as many sugars

35
Q

rose black spot is a ______ diease

A

fungal

36
Q

True or false? All bacteria cause disease.

A

false
only a small minority of bacteria cause disease. Lots of bacteria don’t affect other organisms at all, while many others are actually helpful.

37
Q

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Antibiotics such as penicillin

38
Q

How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?

A

Use a condom

Avoid unsafe sex

39
Q

Which are eukaryotic the organisms?

A

Animals
Protoctists
Fungi
Plant

40
Q

Rose black spot is a fungal disease that causes ______ or ______ spots develop on leaves, which then often turn yellow and drop off.

A

black or red

41
Q

how can Rose black spot be spread

A

wind and water

42
Q

how does Rose black spot affect a plant

A

reduces photosynthesis and so also reduces the growth of the plant.

43
Q

what is treatment of Rose black spot

A

spraying the infected plants with fungicides, or destroying the affected leaves.

44
Q

what are the symptoms of malaria

A

recurrent fevers and headaches, and in extreme cases it can be fatal.

45
Q

what act as barriers to reduce the entry of pathogens?

A
  • skin
  • hair + mucus - nose hair, trachea + bronchi
46
Q

How does skin help to defend against disease?

A

It covers the body, physically preventing pathogens from entering
secrets antimicrobial substances

47
Q

Does skin act as a physical or chemical barrier to pathogens?

A

physcial

48
Q

The nose has hairs inside it that act as a physical barrier to pathogens. What are the hairs in the nose coated with to catch pathogens?

A

mucus

49
Q

what are cilia

A

hair like structures that line the trachea and bronchi with waft the mucus to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

50
Q

What substance does the stomach produce to kill pathogens?

A

hydrochloric acid

51
Q

Does the acid produced by the stomach act as a physical barrier, or a chemical barrier, to pathogens?

A

chemical

52
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

To locate and destroy pathogens that enter the body

53
Q

Which type of cells are part of the immune system?

A

white blood cells

54
Q

what are the functions of white blood cells

A

antitoxins
antibodies
phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens

55
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria

56
Q

what is the process of vaccination

A
  1. dead or inactive pathogens are injected . these pathogens produce antigens which causes the body to produce antibodies even though the pathogen is harmless
  2. if the a live pathogen of the same type appears after that then the white blood cells can rapidly mass produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen
  3. which makes you less likely to get ill
57
Q

what are the pros of vaccinations

A
  • helped control lots of communicable diseases
  • big out breaks of diseases can be prevented if a large percentage of population is vaccinated
  • people who arent vaccinated are less likely to catch it because there are fewer people to pass it on
  • because of vaccination small pox no longer occurs
58
Q

what are the cons of vaccinations

A
  • they dont always work - sometimes dont give you immunity
  • you can soemtimes have a bad reaction to them - rare

-They can cause mild symptoms such as fever or a sore arm

59
Q

Can vaccines be made against both bacterial and viral diseases?

A

yes

60
Q

Do painkillers help to cure the underlying disease?

A

no

61
Q

what do pain killers do

A

they relieve pain but they dont kill the underlying cause of the disease they only reduce symptoms

62
Q

what do antibiotics do

A

they kill the bacteria causing the problem
important to be treated with the right one

63
Q

why cant antibiotics be used to destroy viruses

A

viruses grow inside body cells so its difficult to create a drug to kill just the virus and the body cells

64
Q

what can help to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance?

A

Patients taking antibiotics for the full prescribed course

Doctors only prescribing antibiotics for serious bacterial infections

65
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

when bacteria can evolve so that antibiotics no longer kill them.

66
Q

The painkiller aspirin originated from the bark of ________ trees. It is now used to reduce pain, and lower fevers.

A

williow

67
Q

The drug digitalis originated from plants known as _________. It is used to treat heart conditions such as heart failure.

A

fox gloves

68
Q

was discovered by Alexander Fleming when some Penicillium mould contaminated one of his Petri dishes.

A

penicillin

69
Q

how did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin

A
  • cleaning our petri dishes with bacteria
  • noticed one of the dishes had mould on it
  • areas surrounding the mould was free of the bacteria
  • he found the mould on the dish was producing a substance that was killing the bacteria
70
Q

What does the term ‘efficacy’ mean?

A

How well a drug produces the desired effect

71
Q

What does the term ‘toxicity’ mean?

A

How harmful a drug is e.g. how many side effects

72
Q

What does the term ‘dosage’ mean?

A

How much of the drug is required to give the desired effect

73
Q

Stage 1 - Test the drug on human______and tissues.

Stage 2 - Test the drug on live ________

Stage 3a - Test the drug on healthy
to find the _____dosage before side effects occur.

Stage 3b - Test the drug on patients that suffer from the relevant disease, to find the ______ dosage.

A

cells
animals
maximum
optimum

74
Q

Why is it important that new medicinal drugs undergo testing before they are used?

A

To make sure they are safe to use
To make sure they are an effective treatment
To determine the optimum dose

75
Q

In a double blind trial, who knows who is given the trial drug, and who is given the placebo?

A

neither the patient or the doctor

76
Q

Patients in clinical trials are often given a placebo.
what is that?

A

A substance or treatment that contains no active drug

77
Q

why are double blind trials used

A

so patient and doctor arnt subconscious influenced by the knowledge

78
Q

what ar ethe 3 main stages called in antibiotic testing

A
  • pre clinical - cells + tissues
  • pre clincal - live animals
  • clincal - patients
79
Q

why are healthy volunteer used before ill ones in drug testing

A

to make sure there are no ahrmful side effects

80
Q

drug test results are not published until ______ _____ which helps ______ _____

A

peer review
false claims

biology (4 decks)

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