infection and response Flashcards
what are pathogens
pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
are pathogens communicable or non- communicable
communicable
what can be infected by pathogens
plants+ animals
what can pathogens be
virus
bacteria
protists
fungi
are virus or bacteria smaller
virus
what do bacteria produce
toxins that damage cells and tissues
is a virus a cell
no
how do viruses reproduce
the live in side your cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to make copies of themselves
what makes you feel ill
cell damage
parasites live __ or _____ other organisms and cause ______
on
inside
damage
how are parasites often transferred
by a vector
how do hyphae cause disease
they penetrate and grow on human skin and plants causing diseases
hyphae produce _____ which can be spread onto other plants and animals
spores
what are some ways pathogens can be spread
air
water
direct contact
food
how are measles spread
through droplets of an infected persons sneeze or cough
symptoms of measles
red rash
fever
measles can sometimes lead to __________
pneumonia
hiv is a
virus
how is hiv spread
hiv symptoms
what does it attack
through sexual contatc or exchanging bodily fluids like blood - sharing same needle when taking drugs
flu like symtoms
immune cells
what is marlia disease caused by
a protist
what is a example of a vector
mosqutio - malaria
is salmonella a bacteria or virus
bacteria
symptoms of gonorrhoea
pain while urinate
thick yellow discharge
symptoms of samonella
stomach cramps
vomiting
fever
diarrhoea
how can we prevent disease
- being hygienic
- destroying vectors
- isolating infected individuals
- vaccination
Are viruses living organisms?
no
Once there are lots of copies, the viruses cause the cell to _______, and then go on to _____ neighbouring cells.
Once there are lots of copies, the viruses cause the cell to burst, and then go on to infect neighbouring cells.
In the UK, are most people are vaccinated against measles?
yes
Infection with the HIV virus can lead to __________. This is where the immune system is so weak that the person can catch unusual infections.
AIDS
What is the treatment for HIV/AIDS?
Antiretroviral drugs
what do antiretroviral drugs do
stop the virus replicating the the body
What type of organism does Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) infect?
plants
What is the main symptom of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?
patches of leaves are discoloured
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) reduces the amount of photosynthesis that a plant can do.
why is this an issue
The plant won’t be able to grow as well
The plant won’t be able to produce as many sugars
rose black spot is a ______ diease
fungal
True or false? All bacteria cause disease.
false
only a small minority of bacteria cause disease. Lots of bacteria don’t affect other organisms at all, while many others are actually helpful.
What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?
Antibiotics such as penicillin
How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhoea?
Use a condom
Avoid unsafe sex
Which are eukaryotic the organisms?
Animals
Protoctists
Fungi
Plant
Rose black spot is a fungal disease that causes ______ or ______ spots develop on leaves, which then often turn yellow and drop off.
black or red
how can Rose black spot be spread
wind and water
how does Rose black spot affect a plant
reduces photosynthesis and so also reduces the growth of the plant.
what is treatment of Rose black spot
spraying the infected plants with fungicides, or destroying the affected leaves.
what are the symptoms of malaria
recurrent fevers and headaches, and in extreme cases it can be fatal.
what act as barriers to reduce the entry of pathogens?
- skin
- hair + mucus - nose hair, trachea + bronchi
How does skin help to defend against disease?
It covers the body, physically preventing pathogens from entering
secrets antimicrobial substances
Does skin act as a physical or chemical barrier to pathogens?
physcial
The nose has hairs inside it that act as a physical barrier to pathogens. What are the hairs in the nose coated with to catch pathogens?
mucus
what are cilia
hair like structures that line the trachea and bronchi with waft the mucus to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
What substance does the stomach produce to kill pathogens?
hydrochloric acid
Does the acid produced by the stomach act as a physical barrier, or a chemical barrier, to pathogens?
chemical
What is the role of the immune system?
To locate and destroy pathogens that enter the body
Which type of cells are part of the immune system?
white blood cells
what are the functions of white blood cells
antitoxins
antibodies
phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens
What do antitoxins do?
Bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria
what is the process of vaccination
- dead or inactive pathogens are injected . these pathogens produce antigens which causes the body to produce antibodies even though the pathogen is harmless
- if the a live pathogen of the same type appears after that then the white blood cells can rapidly mass produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen
- which makes you less likely to get ill
what are the pros of vaccinations
- helped control lots of communicable diseases
- big out breaks of diseases can be prevented if a large percentage of population is vaccinated
- people who arent vaccinated are less likely to catch it because there are fewer people to pass it on
- because of vaccination small pox no longer occurs
what are the cons of vaccinations
- they dont always work - sometimes dont give you immunity
- you can soemtimes have a bad reaction to them - rare
-They can cause mild symptoms such as fever or a sore arm
Can vaccines be made against both bacterial and viral diseases?
yes
Do painkillers help to cure the underlying disease?
no
what do pain killers do
they relieve pain but they dont kill the underlying cause of the disease they only reduce symptoms
what do antibiotics do
they kill the bacteria causing the problem
important to be treated with the right one
why cant antibiotics be used to destroy viruses
viruses grow inside body cells so its difficult to create a drug to kill just the virus and the body cells
what can help to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance?
Patients taking antibiotics for the full prescribed course
Doctors only prescribing antibiotics for serious bacterial infections
what is antibiotic resistance
when bacteria can evolve so that antibiotics no longer kill them.
The painkiller aspirin originated from the bark of ________ trees. It is now used to reduce pain, and lower fevers.
williow
The drug digitalis originated from plants known as _________. It is used to treat heart conditions such as heart failure.
fox gloves
was discovered by Alexander Fleming when some Penicillium mould contaminated one of his Petri dishes.
penicillin
how did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin
- cleaning our petri dishes with bacteria
- noticed one of the dishes had mould on it
- areas surrounding the mould was free of the bacteria
- he found the mould on the dish was producing a substance that was killing the bacteria
What does the term ‘efficacy’ mean?
How well a drug produces the desired effect
What does the term ‘toxicity’ mean?
How harmful a drug is e.g. how many side effects
What does the term ‘dosage’ mean?
How much of the drug is required to give the desired effect
Stage 1 - Test the drug on human______and tissues.
Stage 2 - Test the drug on live ________
Stage 3a - Test the drug on healthy
to find the _____dosage before side effects occur.
Stage 3b - Test the drug on patients that suffer from the relevant disease, to find the ______ dosage.
cells
animals
maximum
optimum
Why is it important that new medicinal drugs undergo testing before they are used?
To make sure they are safe to use
To make sure they are an effective treatment
To determine the optimum dose
In a double blind trial, who knows who is given the trial drug, and who is given the placebo?
neither the patient or the doctor
Patients in clinical trials are often given a placebo.
what is that?
A substance or treatment that contains no active drug
why are double blind trials used
so patient and doctor arnt subconscious influenced by the knowledge
what ar ethe 3 main stages called in antibiotic testing
- pre clinical - cells + tissues
- pre clincal - live animals
- clincal - patients
why are healthy volunteer used before ill ones in drug testing
to make sure there are no ahrmful side effects
drug test results are not published until ______ _____ which helps ______ _____
peer review
false claims
