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bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the equation symbol of photosynthesis

A

6CO2+ 6H20——> C6H12O6+6O2

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2
Q

photosynthesis produces _______ using __________

A

glucose using light

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3
Q

how does photosythesis work

A
  • uses enegry to chnage carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
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4
Q

where does photosythesis take place

A

cholorpasts in green plant cells
- cholorophyll abosrbs the light

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5
Q

how is enegry transfered to the chloroplasts from the enviroment

A

through light

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6
Q

is photosythesis endothermic or exothermic

A

endothermic

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7
Q

what do planst sue glucose for

A
  • respiration
  • making amino acids
  • making cellucose
  • stored as oils or fats
  • stored as starch
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8
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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9
Q

How do plants get the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis?

A

It diffuses from the air into the leaves via stomata

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10
Q

How do plants get the water required for photosynthesis?

A

It diffuses from the soil into the root hair cells by osmosis

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11
Q

What makes starch a useful long term storage molecule?

A

It is insoluble in water

It can easily be broken down when needed

It is compact

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12
Q

One use of glucose is to make amino acids.

What else do plants need to make amino acids?

A

nitrate ions

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13
Q

Which useful energy transfer or conversion happens overall in photosynthesis?

A

Light ➔ chemical

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14
Q

Why may plants produce insufficient chlorophyll?

A

They have a disease like Tobacco Mosaic Virus
They lack the required nutrients

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15
Q

there are three environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. List them below.

A
  • light intensity
  • amount of carbon dioxide
  • temperature
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16
Q

explain how the rate of photosynthesis varies with temperature.

A
  • photosynthesis rises with temperature as the particles have more energy and move more quickly. This means they can react more quickly
  • as temperature rises above the optimum temperature for the enzymes involved, the enzymes may start to break down. This decreases the rate until it falls to zero
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17
Q

Farmers in cooler climates often use __________. These help trap the heat energy from __________, and so increase the temperature. They also keep out _____ which could otherwise damage the plants.

A

Farmers in cooler climates often use greenhouses. These help trap the heat energy from sunlight, and so increase the temperature. They also keep out pests which could otherwise damage the plants.

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18
Q

How can farmers ensure that photosynthesis takes place 24 hours a day?

A

artifical light

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19
Q

what are two benefits of parrifan heaters

A

release
- heat
- carbon dioxide

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20
Q

what is respiration

A

Respiration is the release of energy from sugar molecules such as glucose.

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21
Q

Is respiration an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

exothermic becuase it relases enegry

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22
Q

Which process in plants produces the glucose required for respiration?

A

photosnythesis

23
Q

Give two examples of how cells use the energy from respiration.

A
  • muscle contraction
  • maintain body temperature
  • move substances around the cell
24
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The combination of all chemical reactions in an organism

25
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ➔ carbon dioxide + water

26
Q

What is glucose converted to during anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

lactic acid

27
Q

what is the word equation of anarobic repiration in plants and fungi

A

Glucose ➔ ethanol + carbon dioxide

28
Q

What are the two reasons animals cells prefer aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration doesn’t break down the glucose molecule completely, and so releases less energy than aerobic respiration

-Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which can damage cells and leads to an oxygen debt

29
Q

Which type of respiration is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

30
Q

Which type of respiration requires oxygen, aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

31
Q

why do muscles need enegry from repiration

A

to contract

32
Q

the increase in repsiration in your cells means you need to get more ________ to them

A

oxygen

33
Q

why do your breathing increase while doing excersize

A

to get more oxygen to the blood

34
Q

why doe syour heart rate increase while doing excersize

A

to get more oxygen aroun dthe body rapidly - removes CO2 at teh same time more rapidly

35
Q

Which type of respiration leads to an oxygen debt, aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

36
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

the amount of oxygen the body needs to react with the build of of lactic acid to remove it from the body cells

37
Q

what happens when oxygen reacts with latic acid

A

forms CO2 and oxygen

38
Q

what happens when you do vigorous excersize

A
  • body cant supply oxygen fast enough
  • start respirating anaerobically
39
Q

what is anaerobic repsiration not good

A

lactic acid builds up in muscles which gets painful

40
Q

was is mucle fatigue

A
  • muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently
41
Q

why do we breath hard after stopping vigiorous excerzise

A
  • to get more oxygen into blood to repay oxygen taht didnt get to muscle cells in time - oxygen debt releif
42
Q

plus and breathing rate stay ____ whist there are high levels or latic acid

A

high

43
Q

what is anotehr way that sint debt releif taht the body copes with high levels of latic acid

A
  • blood that enters muscles transports latic acid to liver where it is convereted back to glucose
44
Q

how can you measure bretahing rate

A
  • counting breaths
  • heart rate
45
Q

hwo can you investigate the effect of excersize on the body?

A

take pulse after

  • 5 mins sitting
  • 5 mins gentle walking
  • 5 mins jogging
  • 5 mins running
  • do it in a group to reduce random errors
46
Q

Which type of respiration leads to the build up of lactic acid, aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

47
Q

why is a led light source used in a photosynthesis practical

A

they dont realse much heat - too much heat would change the temperature of the experiment

48
Q

what are the steps in photosythesis practical

A
  • boiling tube 10cm away from LED light source
  • fill boiling tube with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
  • pond weed into boiling tube with cut end at top
  • leave for 5 mins t aclimatise to conditions in boling tube
  • bubbles of gas should be produced from cut end of pond weed - oxygen
  • stop watch and count number of bubbles in 1 min 2x and calculate mean
  • reapeat but move back 10 cm eahc time until 40 cm away from light
49
Q

if you wanted to use a normal light bulb in photosythesis practical what adpatation would you have to make

A

place beaker of water inbetween light bulb and boiling tube becuase it absorbs the heat

50
Q

why do we use sodium hydrogen carbonate in photosynthesis practical

A
  • realeases carbon dioxide which is needed for photosythesis
51
Q

what are issues with photosynthesis practical

A
  • number of bubbles to fast to count
  • bubbles are not always same size
52
Q

what can we do instead of counting bubbles produced in photosynthesis practical

A

measuring volume of oxygen produced

53
Q

how to do photosythesis practical

volume of oxygen produced

A
  • palce pond weed under funell and catch bubbles in measuring cylinder full of water
  • use measuring cylinder to calculate volume of oxygen produced

biology (4 decks)

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