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Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organisation?

A

Organelles: sub-cellular structures
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organisms

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2
Q

What are the uses of energy in organisms?

A
  • Growth/ repair
  • Movement
  • Protein synthesis
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3
Q

What the 3 nutrients + what they provide?

A

Carbohydrates: Energy
Proteins: Growth/repair
Fats/lipids: Long-term energy storage

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4
Q

Why does digestion take place?

A

To break down large food molecules into smaller (soluble) food molecules which can be absorbed into our bloodstream.

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5
Q

What order does digestion take place in?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

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6
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

1- Muscular walls which contract and push the food around
2- HCL acid which kills bacteria
3- Produces pepsin, breaks down protein

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7
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

1- Where food is absorbed into the bloodstream, across the exchange surface (lining of the intestine)
2- Produces digestive enzymes

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8
Q

What are the adaptations of the lining of the small intestine?

A

1- Villi which increase the surface area
2- Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient for diffusion
3- Single-celled surface cells to diffuse short distances

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9
Q

What happens at the large intestine?

A

All the leftover water and indigestible food is left. (The water is absorbed into the body)

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10
Q

What organs aren’t involved in the process of digestion but still help?

A

Liver- Produces bile
Gallbladder- releases bile
Pancreas- Produces digestive enzymes

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11
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

1- Emulsify fats
2- Neutralises stomach acid so pepsin can work

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12
Q

How has the lining of the small intestine adapted to its function?

A

1- Villi, increase surface area to absorb more nutrients
2- Good blood supply, diffusion can occur
3- Villi only has single-celled layer

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13
Q

What’s an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.

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14
Q

Name the enzymes in the body.

A

Amylase- starch
Protease- Proteins
Lipase- Fats

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15
Q

What do proteins break down into when reacting with protease?

A

Amino acids

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16
Q

What does starch break down into when reacting with amylase?

A

Simple sugars e.g maltose

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17
Q

What do fats break down into when reacting with lipase?

A

fatty acids + glycerol

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18
Q

What’s an active site?

A

The part of an enzyme which has a specific shape so a specific substrate can bind to it

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19
Q

Where is protease made?

A

Pancreas, small intestine and stomach (pepsin)

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20
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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21
Q

Where are carbohydrates made?

A

Pancreas, Small intestines and salivary glands

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22
Q

What are the 2 models of enzyme action?

A

Lock and key theory and Induced fit model

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23
Q

What’s the lock and key theory?

A

Where the substrate had to fit perfectly into the active site

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24
Q

What’s the induced fit model?

A

Where the substrates don’t need to fit into the active site perfectly and the enzyme changes its shape

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25
How does temperature affect Rate of reaction?
If the temperature exceeds the optimum temp (37) ROR decreases. Active site loses its shape + denatures.
26
How does pH affect rate of reaction?
If the pH exceeds the optimum pH (7), ROR decreases. Active site loses its shape + denatures.
27
RP4: What do we use to test for starch, fats/lipids, glucose and proteins?
Iodine, ethanol/Sudan 3, Benedict's solution and biuret's solution
28
What color does the test go when starch is present?
Orange--> Blue/black
29
How do we know the test is positive when testing if fats are present?
Ethanol: goes cloudy/milky Sudan 3: top layer becomes red
30
How do we know the test is positive when testing if proteins are present?
Blue--> Lilac
31
How do we know the test is positive when testing if glucose is present?
goes yellow- orange- red
32
RP5: Describe the method used to test the effect of pH on amylase.
1) In 3 test tubes, add 2cm3 of pH5 buffer solution, amylase and starch solution 2) Leave test tubes in hot water bath for 10mins, then mix 3) return to water bath and start a stopwatch, keep adding iodine solution into a spotting well until remains orange. 4) Repeat with pH Buffers 6,7 8
33
What's the circulatory system?
An organ system responsible for transporting oxygen/nutrients around the body
34
Where is deoxygenated blood transported?
From the right side of the heart (pulmonary artery) to the lungs.
35
When blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where does it go?
Flows back to the heart through the pulmonary vein. Its pumped to the aorta, where it's transported to the body.
36
When oxygen is given up to the body, where does it go?
Back to the heart, through the vena cava. then, its pumped into the pulmonary artery into the lungs.
37
Why are valves important?
They prevent blood from flowing backwards. Blood in veins are at lower pressures so valves are needed. (Arteries don't need valves), this means there's less oxygen for respiration and so the body has less energy.
38
What are pacemaker cells? Where are they located?
Control the heartbeat by sending electrical impulses. Right atrium.
39
Where can artificial pacemakers be placed?
Under the skin above the heart
40
What do arteries and veins do?
Arteries- Carry blood away from heart Veins- Carry blood to the heart
41
What do capillaries do?
Exchange nutrients/oxygen with tissues.
42
How have arteries adapted to their function?
Carry blood at high pressures so they have a strong muscular wall + elastic tissue. Don't need valves. Small lumen.
43
How have capillaries adapted to their function?
Small to interact with many cells + single-celled so diffusion is quick + many of them so low blood pressure. Don't need valves.
44
How have veins adapted to their function?
Biggest lumen + thinnest wall. Low blood pressure, need valves.
45
What are the components of the blood?
Red blood cells, platelets, plasma, white blood cellsh
46
Whats the function of red blood cells? How have they adapted?
Carry oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body's cells for respiration. Hemoglobin- binds to oxygen. No nucleus- more space for oxygen + biconcave shape= large surface area.
47
What's the function of white blood cells?
Fights against pathogens by 1) Phagocytosis 2) releases anti-toxins 3) releases anti-bodies
48
What's the function of plasma? And platelets?
Plasma- liquid containing everything to allow blood to flow e.g urea. Platelets- Fragments of cells, to stop blood from gushing out when cut.
49
What's a double pump?
Two loops from the heart, right side carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, left side carries oxygenated to the body.
50
What causes coronary heart disease?
Build up of fatty material (LDL) in vessels, lumen gets smaller so less blood flows.
51
What are examples of treatments of CHD?
- Stents - Statins - Replacement valves/ hearts
52
What's a stent?
Expandable tube that's put inside a blood vessel to keep blood flowing.
53
What are the advs/disadvs of stents?
Advs: Quick surgery/recorvery + Effective in long-term Disadvs; Surgery has risk on infection + blood clots
54
What are statins?
Medication (pills) that decrease bad cholesterol, removing fatty deposits
55
What are advs/disadvs of using statins?
Advs: easy to take, not invasive, decrease blood cholesterol. Disadvs: Side effects, long-term, might forget
56
What are coronary arteries?
Exist to ensure the heart has its own blood supply
57
When are replacement valves used?
When valves are faulty and don't open properly so not enough blood flows or when they don't close properly so blood flows in the opposite direction.
58
How may different diseases interact?
1- Weak immune system means more likely to catch communicable disease 2- Some viruses trigger cancers 3- Immune reaction to get rid of pathogens trigger allergies 4- Ill physical health leads to ill mental health
59
What's risk factor?
Anything which increases the chance of getting a non-communicable disease
60
What's a tumor?
Abnormal mass of cells causes by uncontrolled growth/division
61
What are the two types of tumors?
Benign- Non-cancerous, doesn't invade Malignant- Cancerous, spreads through blood
62
What are some of the risk factors of cancer?
Smoking, obesity, UV rays, alcohol + genetic risk factors
63
Go through the structure of the leaf.
Waxy cuticle Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis (stomata + guard cells)
64
What are the functions of the waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade/spongy mesophyll, stomata+ guard cells?
-Waxy cuticle- Reduces water loss -Upper epidermis- light passes through -Palisade mesophyll- Where photosynthesis takes place -Spongy mesophyll- CO2 passes through (air gaps) -Stomata/ guard cells- control opening
65
What are the adaptations of stomata?
Open+ close to min. water loss + max. CO2 intake When guard cells are turgid, open They're of the bottom of leaf (sensitive to light)
66
What's meristem tissue?
Differentiate into different cells, found in roots/shoots
67
What's translocation?
Movement of sugars from leaves to around the plant through phloem cells
68
What's tranpiration?
Evaporation of water+ minerals through plant
69
What's the difference between the transpiration stream and transpiration?
transpiration stream- chain of water molecules moving up the plant as water evaporates through the leaves. Transpiration= evaporation.
70
What are the adaptation of phloem cells?
Tubes have pores, allowing movement of cell sap + moves in both directions.
71
What is cell sap/glucose used for after being transported by phloem?
Stored/ directly used for energy
72
What are the adaptations of xylem cells?
Hollow (no end walls) to max. water flow + walls strengthened by lignin.
73
What factors affect the rate of transpiration
Temp ^^ Humidity ^↓ Air flow ^^ Light intensity^^
74
How have root hair cells adapted to their function?
Function: To take water + mineral ions from soil to plant. - 'Root hair' increase surface area to absorb - No mitochondria - Active transport for mineral ions + active transport for water

Biology (7 decks)

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